Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)

Haplogroup L0
Possible time of origin 112,200 to 188,000 YBP[1]
Possible place of origin Southern Africa
Ancestor L (Mitochondrial Eve)
Descendants L0a'b'f'k, L0d
Defining mutations 263!, 1048, 3516A, 5442, 6185, 9042, 9347, 10589, 12007, 12720[2]

Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

The region in Africa where Tishkoff found the greatest level of mitochondrial diversity (green) and the region Behar et al. postulated the most ancient division in the human population began to occur (light brown)

L0 is one of two branches from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for the shared human maternal lineage. The haplogroup consists of five main branches (L0a, L0b, L0d, L0f, L0k). Four of them were originally classified into L1 subclades, L1a, L1d, L1f and L1k.

In 2014, ancient DNA analysis of a 2,330 year old male forager's skeleton in Southern Africa found that the specimen belonged to the L0d2c1c mtDNA subclade. This maternal haplogroup is today most closely associated with the Ju, a subgroup of the indigenous San people, which points to population continuity in the region.[3] In 2016, a Late Iron Age desiccated mummy from the Tuli region in northern Botswana was also found to belong to haplogroup L0.[4]

MRCA (mtDNA) 

   L0   

 

 

 

 

 L0a

 L0b

 L0f

 L0k

 L0d



 L1-6 

 

L1

 L2-6




Distribution

Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L0 in Africa.
Frequency maps for L0 (total), L0a, L0b, L0d, L0f and L0k

L0 is found most commonly in the Sub-Saharan Africa. It reaches its highest frequency in the Khoisan people at 73%.[5] Some of the higher frequencies are:[6] Namibia (!Xun) 79%, South Africa (Khwe/!Xun) 83%, and Botswana (!Kung) 100%.

Haplogroup L0d is the most divergent ("ancient") haplogroup of global mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. It is found at highest frequencies in the Khoisan groups of Southern Africa.[6][7][8][9] L0d is also commonly found in the Coloured population of South Africa and frequencies range from 60% [10] to 71%.[9] This illustrates the massive maternal contribution of Khoisan people to the Coloured population of South Africa.

Haplogroups L0k is the second most common haplogroup in the Khoisan groups (following L0d) and is largely restricted to the Khoisan.[6][7][8][9] Interestingly, while the Khoisan associated L0d haplogroup were found in high frequencies in the Coloured population of South Africa, L0k were not observed in two studies involving large groups of Coloured individuals.[9][10]

Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in Tanzania, East Africa.

Haplogroup L0a is most prevalent in South-East African populations (25% in Mozambique).[5] Among Guineans, it has a frequency between 1% and 5%, with the Balanta group showing increased frequency of about 11%. Haplogroup L0a has a Paleolithic time depth of about 33,000 years and likely reached Guinea between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago. It also is often seen in the Mbuti and Biaka Pygmies. L0a is found at a frequency of almost 25% in Hadramawt (Yemen).[11]

Haplogroup L0b Ethiopia.

Drug and Disease Interactions

In patients who are given the drug stavudine to treat HIV, Haplogroup L0a2 is associated with a higher likelihood of peripheral neuropathy as a side effect.[12]

Subclades

Tree

Schematic tree of haplogroup L0. MSA: Middle Stone Age, LSA: Later Stone Age, ka: thousand years ago.

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L0 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ↑ Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; MacAulay, Vincent (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–59. PMC 2694979 Freely accessible. PMID 19500773. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001.
  2. 1 2 Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. PMID 18853457. doi:10.1002/humu.20921.
  3. ↑ Alan G. Morris; Anja Heinze; Eva K.F. Chan; Andrew B. Smith; Vanessa M. Hayes (2014). "First Ancient Mitochondrial Human Genome from a Pre-Pastoralist Southern African" (PDF). Genome Biology and Evolution. 6: 2647–53. PMC 4224329 Freely accessible. PMID 25212860. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu202. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  4. ↑ Frank J. Rühli; Maryna Steyn; Morongwa N. Mosothwane; Lena Öhrström; Molebogeng K. Bodiba; Abigail Bouwman (January–February 2016). "Radiological and genetic analysis of a Late Iron Age mummy from the Tuli Block, Botswana" (PDF). South African Journal of Science. 112 (1/2). Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  5. 1 2 Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Ene; Villems, Richard (2004). "MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (4): 340–52. PMID 15225159. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00100.x.
  6. 1 2 3 Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T. B. (2007). "History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (10): 2180–95. PMID 17656633. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155.
  7. 1 2 Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (2000). "MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (4): 1362–83. PMC 1288201 Freely accessible. PMID 10739760. doi:10.1086/302848.
  8. 1 2 Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). "African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages". Current Biology. 13 (6): 464–73. PMID 12646128. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Schlebusch, Carina M.; Naidoo, Thijessen; Soodyall, Himla (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". Electrophoresis. 30 (21): 3657–64. PMID 19810027. doi:10.1002/elps.200900197.
  10. 1 2 Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Harmant, Christine; Quach, Hélène; Balanovsky, Oleg; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Bormans, Connie; Van Helden, Paul D.; Hoal, Eileen G.; Behar, Doron M. (2010). "Strong Maternal Khoisan Contribution to the South African Coloured Population: A Case of Gender-Biased Admixture". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (4): 611–20. PMC 2850426 Freely accessible. PMID 20346436. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014.
  11. ↑ Rídl, Jakub; Edens, Christopher M.; Černý, Viktor (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA Structure of Yemeni Population: Regional Differences and the Implications for Different Migratory Contributions". The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. pp. 69–78. ISBN 978-90-481-2718-4. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_5.
  12. ↑ Kampira E, Kumwenda J, van Oosterhout JJ, Dandara C. Mitochondrial DNA subhaplogroups L0a2 and L2a modify susceptibility to peripheral neuropathy in malawian adults on stavudine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy., J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013 Aug 15; 63(5):647-52. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182968ea5
  13. ↑ First Ancient Mitochondrial Human Genome from a Pre-Pastoralist Southern African
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