Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

Haplogroup D
Possible time of origin 40,000 - 60,000 YBP
Possible place of origin East Asia
Ancestor M
Descendants D4, 16189
Defining mutations 4883 5178A 16362[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 48,000 years before present.[2] It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M.

Distribution

It is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia).[3] Its subclade D1 (along with D2, D3, and D4h3a) is one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X.

Haplogroup D is also found quite frequently in Central Asia,[4] where it makes up the second most common mtDNA clade (after H). Haplogroup D also appears at a low frequency in eastern Europe and southwestern Asia.

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[5] is a branch of D4b1c.

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup D

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Aleut (Commander Islands)1.00036Volodko 2008D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)0.68961Bermisheva 2005D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.656163Volodko 2008D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.55040Wen 2004D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni0.47994Malhi 2003D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.43816Comas 2004D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.43244Kong 2003D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.415217Asari 2007D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.414256Umetsu 2005D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese0.412211Maruyama 2003D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.411282Umetsu 2005D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute0.40898Malhi 2004D=40
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.399336Umetsu 2005D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)0.398103Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.39648Kong 2003D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.390154Fedorova 2013D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Okinawa0.383326Umetsu 2005D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.37524Ji 2012D=9
Korean (South Korea)0.364261Kim 2008D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)0.356118Zheng 2011D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.356149Derenko 2012D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.349295Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat0.348419Derenko 2010D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (South Korea)0.340203Umetsu 2005D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.33399Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)0.33351Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.33348Kong 2003D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.329164Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea)0.324185Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.32331Wen 2004D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.31947Kong 2003D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.30173Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)0.30040Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.300100Uchiyama 2007D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.30020Comas 2004D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut0.299117Kong 2003D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.297111Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.29627Wen 2005D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.292137Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan0.29224Starikovskaya 2005D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.291110Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.28656Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.28635Ji 2012D=10
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.280125Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.275160Umetsu 2005D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.27333Wen 2004D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26715Wen 2004D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.26598Derenko 2012D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.257148Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya)0.25639Volodko 2008D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.25547Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.25547Yao 2004D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.255102Malhi 2004D=26
Han (southern California)0.254390Ji 2012D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian0.25040Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.248105Fedorova 2013D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.24553Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.24445Kong 2003D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)0.24445Derenko 2007D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)0.2431117Ji 2012D=271
Negidal0.24233Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.24050Wen 2004D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu0.23551Sato 2009D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.23191Umetsu 2005D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.22458Yao 2004D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.22236Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.22218Volodko 2008D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.21964Wen 2004D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi0.21887Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.215121Zheng 2011D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese0.21442Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.21171Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.21171Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.20824Wen 2005D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.20449Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Siberian Eskimos0.20379Starikovskaya 2005D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=4
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.20030Wen 2004D(xD5)=6
Buryat0.198126Kong 2003D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.196102Liu 2011D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Tubalar0.19472Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.194103Wen 2005D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.19168Wen 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi0.19063Pimenoff 2008D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.19042Wen 2005D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.18554Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.18255Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.17939Wen 2005D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)0.17873Zheng 2011D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.17182Volodko 2008D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.16736Wen 2004D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.16730Wen 2004D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama0.16742Malhi 2004D=7
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.16455Zheng 2011D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.16455Yao 2004D(xD5)=9
Khanty0.160106Pimenoff 2008D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.16025Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.15819Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)0.15857Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.15632Wen 2005D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)0.15645Yao 2004D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.152105Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)0.15233Marchani 2008D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2005D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020Comas 2004D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2004D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648Yao 2004D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola0.14384Malhi 2004D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.14335Wen 2004D(xD5)=5
Tuvan0.13795Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.13622Fedorova 2013D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.13315Derenko 2007D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253Yao 2004D(xD5)=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.12755Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.12282Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi0.12166Starikovskaya 2005D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin)0.12025Wen 2005D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.12025Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky)0.119101Bermisheva 2002D=12
Karelian (Viena)0.11587Lappalainen 2008D5=10
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237Hill 2007D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)0.108111Chen 2013D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.10647Yao 2004D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.10020Comas 2004D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.10040Fornarino 2009D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.09971Malyarchuk 2010D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.09432Volodko 2008D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.09432Wen 2004D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.090221Bermisheva 2002D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.090133Fornarino 2009D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi0.08990Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.08635Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Mansi0.08298Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.08137Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.07726Wen 2005D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Thai0.07540Jin 2009D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540Comas 2004D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.07341Wen 2005D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.07128Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.07156Wen 2004D(xD5)=4
Ambon0.07043Hill 2007D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.06929Li 2007D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.06844Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas 2004D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735Wen 2005D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618Wen 2004D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)0.05474Bermisheva 2002D=4
Taono O'odham0.05437Malhi 2003D=2
Taiwan aborigines0.053640Peng 2011D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache0.05338Malhi 2003D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05319Ji 2012D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.05319Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)0.052346Peng 2011D5'6=13, D4=5
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.051157Hill 2007D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)0.04961Lappalainen 2008D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.048126Malyarchuk 2010D=6
Thailand0.048105Kaewsutthi 2011D=5
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.04445Wen 2004D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.04224Fornarino 2009D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)0.03655Bermisheva 2002D=2
Cun (Hainan)0.03330Peng 2011D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Filipino0.03164Tabbada 2010D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.02970Tabbada 2010D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)0.028218Lappalainen 2008D5=6
Ket0.02638Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky)0.026228Bermisheva 2002D=6
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)0.02344Hill 2007D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.023177Tabbada 2010D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor0.02245Hill 2007D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.018168Peng 2010D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky)0.015136Bermisheva 2002D=2
Koryak0.013155Starikovskaya 2005D3=2
Bali0.01282Hill 2007D5=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)0.010102Bermisheva 2002D=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.009112Tabbada 2010D6=1
Kiliwa0.0007Malhi 2003 -
Seri0.0008Malhi 2003 -
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010Wen 2005 -
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011Wen 2005 -
Cochimí0.00013Malhi 2003 -
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020Scholes 2011 -
River Yuman0.00022Malhi 2003 -
Delta Yuman0.00023Malhi 2003 -
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024Wen 2004 -
Zuni0.00026Malhi 2003 -
Pai Yuman0.00027Malhi 2003 -
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029Hill 2006 -
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes 2011 -
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031Peng 2011 -
Nahua0.00031Malhi 2003 -
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032Hill 2006 -
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033Hill 2006 -
Jemez0.00036Malhi 2003 -
Akimal O’odham0.00043Malhi 2003 -
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger)0.00046Hill 2007 -
Tofalar0.00046Starikovskaya 2005 -
Udegey0.00046Starikovskaya 2005 -
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya 2005 -
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050Hill 2007 -
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051Hill 2006 -
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia)0.00052Hill 2006 -
Filipino0.00061Hill 2007 -
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061Hill 2006 -
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)0.00062Bermisheva 2002 -
Navajo0.00064Malhi 2003 -
Sumatra0.000180Hill 2007 -

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. PMID 18853457. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. ↑ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material" (PDF). 2009: page89.
  3. ↑ Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16: 1254–1264. PMID 18506205. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101.
  4. ↑ D. Comas et al., Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2004
  5. ↑ Helgason, Agnar; Palsson, Gisli; Sloth Pedersen, Henning; et al. (2006). "MtDNA Variation in Inuit Populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration History and Population Structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 130: 123–134. PMID 16353217. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20313.
  6. ↑ Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med. 117: 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2.
  7. ↑ Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26: 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129.
  8. 1 2 Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; Rogalla, U; et al. (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. PMC 3283723 Freely accessible. PMID 22363811. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179.
  9. ↑ Lee, HY; Yoo, JE; Park, MJ; Chung, U; Kim, CY; Shin, KJ. "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis. 27: 4408–18. PMID 17058303. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151.
  10. ↑ Kong, Qing-Peng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Liu, Mu; et al. (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China". Hum Genet. 113: 391–405. PMID 12938036. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7.
  11. ↑ Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9: 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007.
  12. ↑ Zheng, H-X; Yan, S; Qin, Z-D; Wang, Y; Tan, J-Z; et al. (2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (10): e25835. PMC 3188578 Freely accessible. PMID 21998705. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835.
  13. ↑ Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; et al. (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81: 1025–1041. PMC 2265662 Freely accessible. PMID 17924343. doi:10.1086/522933.
  14. ↑ Malhi, Ripan S.; Breece, Katherine E.; Schultz Shook, Beth A.; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2004). "Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America". Human Biology. 76 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1353/hub.2004.0023.
  15. ↑ Malhi, Ripan S.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Eshleman, Jason A.; et al. (2003). "Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 120: 108–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10138.
  16. ↑ Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Gao, Song; et al. (2005). "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055.
  17. ↑ Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; et al. (2006). "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (12): 2480–2491. PMID 16982817. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124.
  18. ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2007);80:29–43.
  19. ↑ Kaewsutthi, Supannee; Phasukkijwatana, Nopasak; Joyjinda, Yutthana; et al. (Jul 2011). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (7): 4742–8. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5816.
  20. ↑ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82: 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019.
  21. ↑ Tanaka M et al. 2004, Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850
  22. ↑ Peng, Min-Sheng; He, Jun-Dong; Liu, Hai-Xin; Zhang, Ya-Ping. "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011 (11): 46. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-46.
  23. ↑ Tabbada, Kristina A.; Trejaut, Jean; Loo, Jun-Hun; et al. (2010). "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. PMID 19755666. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215.
  24. ↑ Fedorova, Sardana A; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; et al. "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013 (13): 127. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127.
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