Haplogroup C-F3393

Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3).

The basal paragroup, C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found, in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of Oceania and Asia, whereas C1a is extremely rare worldwide and has been found only amongst individuals native to Japan, Nepal, and Southern Europe.

Distribution

Subclades of C1 (C-F3393) are the predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among peoples indigenous to Australia, some of the Pacific Islands and South Asia. Other subclades are found, at very low frequencies, in isolated locations throughout the Eurasian landmass and adjoining islands.

C1a (CTS11043)

Basal C1a* (CTS11043) has not been identified in any samples, living or dead. Among the most interesting findings of recent genetic research is that living members of C1a are also rare and distributed geographically in an extremely bifurcated pattern:

• C1a1 (C-M8) is now found at a low frequency only in Japan.^[2]
• C1a2 (C-V20), known previously as C6 now appears to be found only among Southern European and Nepali males.^[3][4] The 7,000-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from La Braña, Asturias, Spain carried it.^[5] However, C1a2 was evidently more widespread in the past: a male from the Great Hungarian Plain, approximately contemporaneous to the La Braña man also carried it,^[2][6] as did the 30,000-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from the Pavlov-Dolní Věstonice area (Czech Republic).^[7]

C1b (F1370)

Basal C1b* (F1370) has been identified in the remains of an individual known as Kostenki-14 who died circa 37,000 years BP (Upper Paleolithic) and was found at the Kostyonki archaeological site in western Russia. It has also been found in a small number of males from the Middle East.^[8]

It is likely that more than 40% of indigenous Australian males, before contact with European settlers, belonged to the subclade C1b2b (C-M347) known previously as C4.^[9] Within C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C1b2b1 (DYS390.1del,M210) and an as yet unresolved offshoot of the C1b2b1 paragroup (i.e. M347xDYS390.1del,M210).

C1b2a (M38), previously known as C2, is virtually restricted to Island South East Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Polynesia.^[2] Of its subclades, C1b2a1a (P33) is found at a high frequency among Polynesians.^[10][11]

Some minority populations throughout Asia have been found to possess C1b1a (C-B66/Z16458) and C1b1a1 (C-M356) at high levels. C1b1a is found at low frequencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]} C1b1a1, previously known as C5, is significant in South Asia.^[2]

Phylogenetic structure

• C1 F3393
  • C1a CTS11043
    • C1a1 M8
      • C1a1a P121
        • C1a1a1 CTS6678
        • C1a1a2 Z1356
    • C1a2 (previously C6) V20
      • C1a2a V222
      • C1a2b Z29329
  • C1b F1370
    • C1b1 K281
      • C1b1a B66/Z16458
        • C1b1a1 (previously C5) M356
        • C1b1a2 B65
    • C1b2 B477/Z31885
      • C1b2a (previously C2) M38
        • C1b2a1 M208
          • C1b2a1a P33
          • C1b2a1b P54
      • C1b2b (previously C4) M347
        • C1b2b1 M210

See also

Footnotes