Günther von Kluge
| Günther von Kluge | |
|---|---|
 Günther von Kluge as Field Marshal | |
| Nickname(s) | Der kluge Hans |
| Born |
30 October 1882 Posen, Province of Posen, Prussia, German Empire |
| Died |
19 August 1944 (aged 61) Metz, Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance |
 German Empire.svg.png){kind=small} Weimar Republic.svg.png){kind=small} Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch |
Prussian Army Reichsheer Army (Wehrmacht) |
| Years of service | 1901–44 |
| Rank | Generalfeldmarschall |
| Commands held |
4th Army Army Group Centre |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
| Relations | Wolfgang von Kluge (brother) |
Günther von Kluge (30 October 1882 – 19 August 1944) was a German field marshal during World War II. Kluge held commands on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. Although Kluge was not an active conspirator in the 20 July plot, he committed suicide on 19 August 1944, after having been recalled to Berlin for a meeting with Hitler in the aftermath of the failed coup. He was replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model.
Career
Günther von Kluge, son of General Max von Kluge, joined the Prussian Army in 1901 and served in the 46th Field Artillery Regiment. During World War I he was a staff officer in the XXI Corps; and remained in the Reichswehr after the war.
Invasion of Poland and France
Kluge took part in the invasion of Poland in 1939 as commander of the 4th Army. He had a central role in the death sentences for twenty-eight Polish prisoners taken in the Defense of the Polish Post Office in Danzig. Though he opposed the initial German plan to attack westwards into France, he led the Fourth Army in its attack through the Ardennes that culminated in the fall of France. Kluge was promoted to field marshal in July 1940.
Soviet Union
Kluge commanded the 4th Army at the opening of Operation Barbarossa, where he developed a strained relationship with Heinz Guderian over tactical issues in the advance, accusing Guderian of frequent disobedience of his orders. On 29 June Kluge ordered that, ‘Women in uniform are to be shot.’[1]
After Fedor von Bock was relieved of his command of Army Group Center in late 1941, Kluge was promoted and led that army group until he was injured in October 1943. Kluge frequently rode in an airplane to inspect the divisions under his command and sometimes relieved his boredom during the flights by shooting foxes from the air[2]—a decidedly non-traditional method. On 30 October 1942 Kluge was the beneficiary of an enormous bribe from Hitler, who mailed him a letter of good wishes together with a huge cheque made out to him from the German treasury and a promise that whatever improving his estate might cost could be billed out to the German treasury.[3] Kluge took the money, but after receiving severe criticism from his Chief of Staff, Henning von Tresckow, who upbraided him for corruption, he agreed to meet Carl Friedrich Goerdeler in November 1942.[4] Kluge promised Goerdeler that he would arrest Hitler the next time he came to the Eastern Front, but then after receiving another "gift" from Hitler he changed his mind and decided to stay loyal.[5] Hitler, who seems to have heard that Kluge was dissatisfied with his leadership, regarded his "gifts" as entitling him to Kluge's total loyalty.[5] On 27 October 1943 Kluge was badly injured when his car overturned on the Minsk–Smolensk road. He was unable to return to duty until July 1944. After his recovery he became commander of the German forces in the West (Oberbefehlshaber West) as Gerd von Rundstedt’s replacement.
Western Front
Between June and July 1944, during the invasion of Normandy by Allied forces, Erwin Rommel commanded Army Group B under Field Marshal von Rundstedt. Rommel was charged with planning German counterattacks intended to drive the Allied forces back to the beaches. On 5 July Kluge replaced Rundstedt, because Rundstedt was advocating negotiation with the Allies. Two weeks later, Rommel was wounded and Kluge took over as commander of Army Group B as well, where Kluge's forces around the town of Falaise were encircled by combined U.S., Canadian, British, and Polish armies. In August, after the failed coup attempt by Claus von Stauffenberg, Kluge was recalled to Berlin and replaced by Model.
Kluge and 20 July plot
A leading figure of the German military resistance, Henning von Tresckow, served as his Chief of Staff of Army Group Centre. Kluge may have been aware of the military resistance. He knew about Tresckow’s plan to shoot Hitler during a visit to Army Group Centre, having been informed by his former subordinate, Georg von Boeselager, who was now serving under Tresckow. At the last moment, Kluge aborted Tresckow's plan. Boeselager later speculated that because Heinrich Himmler had decided not to accompany Hitler, Kluge feared that without eliminating Himmler too, it could lead to a civil war between the SS and the Wehrmacht.[6]
When Stauffenberg attempted to assassinate Hitler on 20 July, Kluge was Oberbefehlshaber West ("Supreme Field Commander West") with his headquarters in La Roche-Guyon. The commander of the occupation troops of France, General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, and his colleague Colonel Cäsar von Hofacker – a cousin of Stauffenberg – came to visit Kluge. Stülpnagel had just ordered the arrest of the SS units in Paris. Kluge had already learned that Hitler had survived the assassination attempt and refused to provide any support. "Ja – wenn das Schwein tot wäre!" ("Yes – if the pig were dead!)" he said.[7] On 17 August he was replaced by Walter Model and recalled to Berlin for a meeting with Hitler after the coup failed; thinking that Hitler would punish him as a conspirator, he committed suicide by taking cyanide near Metz two days later on 19 August. He left Hitler a letter in which he advised him to make peace, and to show "the greatness that will be needed to put an end to a hopeless struggle." Hitler reportedly handed the letter to Alfred Jodl and commented that "There are strong reasons to suspect that had not Kluge committed suicide he would have been arrested anyway."[8] SS officer Jürgen Stroop boasted of his involvement in investigating Kluge for involvement in the plot. He claimed to have offered the field marshal the opportunity to commit suicide, but that Kluge refused. He then claimed to have personally shot him and that Himmler had ordered him to announce that Kluge had committed suicide.[9]
Awards
- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd and 1st class
- House Order of Hohenzollern Knight's Cross with Swords
- Bavarian Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords
- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd class (5 September 1939) & 1st class [10]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Knight's Cross on 30 September 1939 and commander of the 4th Army[11]
- 181st Oak Leaves on 18 January 1943 as commander of Army Group Center[11]
- 40th Swords on 29 October 1943 as commander of Army Group Center[11]
References
Citations
- ↑ Nor, Johnathan, Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II, http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html
- ↑ Hoffmann 1977, p. 276.
- ↑ Wheeler-Bennett 1953, p. 529.
- ↑ Wheeler-Bennett 1953, pp. 529–530.
- 1 2 Wheeler-Bennett 1953, p. 530.
- ↑ Knopp 2007, p. 226.
- ↑ Knopp 2007, p. 251.
- ↑ Shirer 1990, pp. 1076–77.
- ↑ Moczarski 1981, pp. 226–234.
- ↑ Thomas 1997, p. 378.
- 1 2 3 Scherzer 2007, p. 451.
Bibliography
- Hoffman, Peter, (tr. Richard Barry) (1977). The History of the German Resistance, 1939–1945. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-08088-0.
- Knopp, Guido (2007). Die Wehrmacht: Eine Bilanz. C. Bertelsmann Verlag. München. ISBN 978-3-570-00975-8.
- Moczarski, Kazimierz; Mariana Fitzpatrick; Jürgen Stroop (1981). Conversations With an Executioner. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-171918-1.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Shirer, William L. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-72868-7.
- Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
- Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (2005) [1953]. The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918 – 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3.
External links
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by none |
Commander of 4. Armee 1 December 1938 – 19 December 1941 |
Succeeded by General der Gebirgstruppe Ludwig Kübler |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock |
Commander of Heeresgruppe Mitte 19 December 1941 – 12 October 1943 |
Succeeded by Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt |
Commander of Heeresgruppe D 2 July 1944 – 15 August 1944 |
Succeeded by Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt |
Oberbefehlshaber West 2 July 1944 – 16 August 1944 |
Succeeded by Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel |
Commander of Heeresgruppe B 19 July 1944 – 17 August 1944 |
Succeeded by Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model |