Halobacteriaceae

Halobacteriaceae
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
Class: Halobacteria Grant et al. 2002
Order: Halobacteriales Grant and Larsen 1989
Family: Halobacteriaceae Gibbons 1974
Genera

In taxonomy, the Halobacteriaceae are a family of the Halobacteriales in the domain Archaea.[1] Halophilic Archaea are represented primarily by members of the family Halobacteriaceae, but also include methanogens from the genera Methanohalophilus and Methanohalobium that occur in the sediments of hypersaline lakes. The members of family Halobacteriaceae solubilized phosphorus under the hypersaline regions. All phosphate solubilizing archaeal sequences obtained in our study by 16S rDNA amplification from the environment grouped within the Halobacteriaceae. P solubilizing capability of haloarchaea indicates that many more cultivable economically important archaeal stains await discovery and utilization in agriculture and allied sectors[2]

Overview

Halobacteriaceae are found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport; however, and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.

Halobacteria can exist in salty environments because although they are aerobes, they have a separate and different way of creating energy through use of light energy. Parts of the membranes of halobacteria are purplish in color and contain retinal pigment. This allows them to create a proton gradient across the membrane of the cell which can be used to create ATP for their own use.

They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell. However, because of these adaptations, if the cell is placed in a wet, less salty environment, it is likely immediately burst from the osmotic pressure.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[3] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[4] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.[5]


?Haloalcalophilium atacamensis ♠ Lizama et al. 2000

?Halobaculum gomorrense Oren et al. 1995

?Halobellus clavatus Cui et al. 2011

?Halolamina pelagica Cui et al. 2011

?Halorientalis regularis Cui et al. 2011

?Halorussus rarus ♠ Cui et al. 2010

?Salarchaeum japonicum Shimane et al. 2011

Halomarina oriensis Inoue et al. 2011


Natronomonas Kamekura et al. 1997 emend. Burns et al. 2010



?Halomicrobium zhouii ♣ Yang & Cui 2011



Halomicrobium mukohataei [type sp.] (Ihara et al. 1997) Oren et al. 2002

Halorhabdus Wainø et al. 2000 emend. Antunes et al. 2008


Halarchaeum acidiphilum Minegishi et al. 2010

Halobacterium Elazari-Volcani 1957 emend. Oren et al. 2009


Halosimplex carlsbadense Vreeland et al. 2003


Halomicrobium katesii Kharroub et al. 2008

Haloarcula Torreblanca et al. 1986 emend. Oren et al. 2009



Haladaptatus Savage et al. 2007 emend. Roh et al. 2010



Haloquadratum walsbyi Burns et al. 2007


Halopelagius inordinatus Cui et al. 2010


Halosarcina limi Cui et al. 2010


Halosarcina pallida Savage et al. 2008 [type sp.]

Halogeometricum Montalvo-Rodríguez et al. 1998 emend. Cui et al. 2010


Haloferax Torreblanca et al. 1986 emend. Oren et al. 2009


Halogranum Cui et al. 2010 emend. Cui et al. 2011



Halonotius pteroides Burns et al. 2010

Haloplanus Bardavid et al. 2007 emend. Cui et al. 2010

Halorubrum McGenity and Grant 1996 emend. Oren et al. 2009



Halalkalicoccus Xue et al. 2005

Halococcus Schoop 1935 emend. Oren et al. 2009


Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum Shimane et al. 2010


Halovivax Castillo et al. 2006


Halopiger Gutiérrez et al. 2007



Halobiforma Hezayen et al. 2002 emend. Oren et al. 2009


Natronobacterium Tindall et al. 1984

Natronococcus Tindall et al. 1984


Haloterrigena species-group 1 [incl. Halorubrum trapanicum, Natrinema & Natronorubrum sediminis]


Haloterrigena species-group 2




Natronolimnobius Itoh et al. 2005


Natronorubrum Xu et al. 1999 emend. Oren et al. 2009

Natrialba [incl. Halostagnicola]















Notes:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
♣ International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM) published species that are in press.

References

  1. ↑ See the NCBI webpage on Halobacteriaceae. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  2. ↑ Yadav, Ajar Nath; Sharma, Divya; Gulati, Sneha; Singh, Surender; Dey, Rinku; Pal, Kamal Krishna; Kaushik, Rajeev; Saxena, Anil Kumar (2015-07-28). "Haloarchaea Endowed with Phosphorus Solubilization Attribute Implicated in Phosphorus Cycle". Scientific Reports. 5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4516986 Freely accessible. PMID 26216440. doi:10.1038/srep12293.
  3. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Halobacteriaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2011-11-17.
  4. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Halobacteriaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  5. ↑ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2011-11-17.

Further reading

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