Halley Research Station

Halley Research Station
Location of Halley within Antarctica
General information
Type	Modular
Location	Brunt Ice Shelf Caird Coast Antarctica
Coordinates	75°35′0″S 26°39′36″W / 75.58333°S 26.66000°W / -75.58333; -26.66000Coordinates: 75°35′0″S 26°39′36″W / 75.58333°S 26.66000°W / -75.58333; -26.66000
Elevation	20 metres (66 ft)
Named for	Edmond Halley
Construction started	15 January 1956 (Halley I)
Opened	5 February 2013 (Halley VI)
Owner	British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Technical details
Floor area	2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft)
Design and construction
Architecture firm	Hugh Broughton Architects
Developer	British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
Engineer	AECOM
Main contractor	Galliford Try
Website
Halley VI @ bas.ac.uk

Halley V, Winter 1999

A balloon from NASA's BARREL program begins to rise over the brand new Halley VI Research Station, which had its grand opening in February 2013

Halley Research Station, run by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), is a scientific research station on the Brunt Ice Shelf floating on the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. As with the German Neumayer-Station III it is built on an ice shelf floating on the sea, versus being on solid land on the continent of Antarctica. Because the ice shelf is slowly moving towards the open ocean it will eventually calve off creating a drifting iceberg.^[1][2]

In 2002, the BAS realized there was a calving event that would destroy Halley V, so a competition was undertaken to design a replacement station. The current base structure, the Halley VI, is notable for being the world's first fully relocatable research station, and is distinguishable by its colourful modular structure that is built upon huge hydraulic skis.^[3]

It is a British research facility^[4] dedicated to the study of the Earth's atmosphere. Measurements from Halley led to the discovery of the ozone hole in 1985.^[5]

History

Halley was founded in 1956, for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958, by an expedition from the Royal Society. The bay where the expedition decided to set up their base was named Halley Bay, after the astronomer Edmond Halley. The name was changed to Halley in 1977 as the original bay had disappeared due to changes in the ice shelf. The latest station, Halley VI, was officially opened in February 2013 after a test winter.^[6]

On 30 July 2014, the station lost its electrical and heating supply for 19 hours.^[7] During the outage, there were record low temperatures. Power was partially restored, but all science activities, apart from meteorological observations essential for weather forecasting, were suspended.^[8] Plans were made to vacate some of the eight modules and to shelter in the remaining few that still had heat.^[9]

The buildings

There have been five previous bases at Halley. Various construction methods have been tried, from unprotected wooden huts to steel tunnels. The first four were all buried by snow accumulation and crushed until they were uninhabitable.^[10]

Halley I

• Built: 1956
  • 1956: Main structure^{[11][12][13][14]}
  • 1961: Main living hut
  • 1964: Office block on surface
• Abandoned: 1968
• Structure: Timber hut

Halley II

• Built: 1967
• Abandoned: 1973
• Structure: A series of wooden huts^[15][16]
  • The roofs were reinforced with steel supports to help support the weight of the snow but the station still had to be abandoned in 1973, after just seven years.^[10]

Halley III

• Built: 1973
• Abandoned: 1983
  • In 10 years the base was buried 12–15 metres below the surface and access and ventilation problems led to its abandonment.^[17] Years later it emerged from the ice cliff at the sea.^[10]
• Structure: Built inside Armco steel tubing designed to take the snow loadings building up over it

Halley IV

• Built: 1983
• Abandoned: 1994, engulfed and abandoned
• Structure:
  • Two-storey buildings constructed inside four interconnected plywood tubes with access shafts to the surface. The tubes were 9 metres in diameter and consisted of insulated reinforced panels designed to withstand the pressures of being buried in snow and ice.^[18][19]
  • Designed to cope with being buried in snow.

Halley V

• Built: completed 1990, operational 1989
• Demolished: late 2012
  • Once its successor, Halley VI, was operational, Halley V was demolished^[20]
• Structure:
  • Main buildings were built on steel platforms that were raised annually to keep them above the snow surface.
  • Stilts were fixed on the flowing ice shelf so it eventually got too close to the calving edge.^[5]
  • Lawes platform: Main platform
  • Drewry summer accommodation: 2-storey building was on skis and could be dragged to a new higher location each year.^[21]
    • The Drewry block was later moved to join the Halley VI base
  • Simpson Building (Ice and Climate Building) (ICB): On stilts^[22] and was raised each year to counteract the buildup of snow
    • It housed the Dobson spectrophotometer used to discover the ozone hole.
  • Piggott platform (Space Science Building): Used for upper atmosphere research.^[23]

Halley VI

• Built: Over four summers, first operational data 28 February 2012, officially opened 2013.^[24][25]
• Structure: Modular
• Cost: Approximately £26 million^[1]

It is a structure which, like Halley V, is jacked up on hydraulic legs to keep it above the accumulation of snow. Unlike Halley V, there are retractable giant skis on the bottom of these legs, which allow the building to be relocated periodically.^[26]

It is a string of eight modules, each on stilts with skis.^{[27][28][29][30]}

The Drewry summer accommodation building and the garage from Halley V were dragged to the Halley VI location and continue to be used.

Design competition

An architectural design competition was launched by RIBA Competitions and the British Antarctic Survey in June 2004 to provide a new design for Halley VI. The competition was entered by a number of architectural and engineering firms. The winning design, by Faber Maunsell and Hugh Broughton Architects was chosen in July 2005.^[1][3]

Halley VI was built in Cape Town, South Africa by a South African consortium.^[31][32] Servaccomm supplied modular accommodation pods for the new station through Galliford Try International.^[33] The contract was for the manufacture of 26 pods in total, installed in eight modules,^[34] which provides fully serviced accommodation for 32 people. The first sections were shipped to Antarctica in December 2007. It was assembled next to Halley V,^[35] then dragged one-by-one 15 km and reconnected.^[36]

Halley VI Station was officially opened in Antarctica on 5 February 2013. Kirk Watson, a filmmaker from Scotland, recorded the building of this space age station over a 4-year period. A trailer with further information can be seen at the links below. A description of the engineering challenges and the creation of the consortium was provided by Adam Rutherford to coincide with an exhibition in Glasgow.^[37]

Design elements

A focus of the new architecture was the desire to improve the living conditions of the scientists and staff on the station. Solutions included consulting a color psychologist to create a special color palette to offset the more than 100 days of darkness each year, daylight simulation lamp alarm clocks to address biorhythm issues, the use of special wood veneers to imbue the scent of nature and address the lack of green growth, as well as lighting design and space planning to address social interaction needs and issues of living and working in isolation.^[1][3]

Another priority of the structure construction was to have the least environmental impact on the ice as possible.^[1]

Relocation

The British Antarctic Survey announced that it intended to move Halley VI to a new site in summer 2016-2017.^[38] A large crack had been propagating through the ice and threatened to cut the station off from the main body of the ice shelf, prompting the decision to move. The planned move would see the station shifted 23 kilometres (14 mi) from its previous site and would be the first time the station had been moved since it became operational in 2012.

Whilst the station was being relocated, concerns about a new crack which had been discovered on 31 October 2016 (dubbed the "Halloween Crack") led the BAS to announce that they would withdraw their staff from the base in March 2017.^[39] BAS completed the relocation of the base in February 2017. The plan would be for the staff to return once the Antarctic winter is over, in November 2017.^[40]

Horizon, the long-running BBC documentary series, sent film-maker Natalie Hewit to Antartica for three months to document the move.^[41]

Environment

Aurora Australis over Halley V Winter 1998

Temperatures at Halley rarely rise above 0 °C although temperatures around -10 °C are common on sunny summer days. Typical winter temperatures are below -20 °C with extreme lows of around -55 °C.^[5]

Winds are predominantly from the east; strong winds often picking up the dusty surface snow reducing visibility to a few metres.

One of the reasons for the location of Halley is that it is under the auroral oval, making it ideally located for geospace research and resulting in frequent displays of the Aurora Australis overhead. These are easiest to see during the 105 days (29 Apr - 13 Aug) when the Sun does not rise above the horizon.

Inhabitants

During the winter months there are usually around 14 overwintering staff. In a typical winter the team is isolated from when the last ship leaves in late February until the first plane arrives in early November. In the peak summer period, from late December to late February, staff numbers increase to around 70.

Sometimes, none of the wintering team are scientists. Most are the technical specialists required to keep the station and the scientific experiments running. The 2012 wintering team at Halley included a chef, a doctor, a communications manager, a vehicle mechanic, an electrician, a plumber, a field assistant, two electronics engineers, two meteorologists and a data manager. In addition there is a Winter Base Commander who is sworn in as a magistrate prior to deployment. Their main role is to oversee the day-to-day management of the station.

1996 saw the first female winterers at Halley. There have been at least two women wintering every year until 2009.^[43]

Base life

Life in Antarctica is dominated by the seasons, with a short, hectic summer and a long winter. In bases such as Halley that are resupplied by sea, the most significant event of the year is the arrival of the resupply ship (currently the RRS Ernest Shackleton, before 1999 the RRS Bransfield) in late December. This is followed by intense activity to unload all supplies before the ship has to leave again; typically, this is done in less than two weeks.

The Halley summer season runs from early November when the first plane lands, until late February when the last ship leaves.

Significant dates in the winter are sundown (last day when the Sun can be seen) on Apr 29, midwinter (June 21) and sunrise (first day when the Sun rises after winter) on Aug 13. Traditionally, the oldest person on base lowers the tattered flag on sundown and the youngest raises a new one on sunrise. Midwinter is a week's holiday, during which a member of the wintering team is chosen to keep the old flag. Handmade presents are also exchanged amongst the wintering team.

See also

• Research stations in Antarctica

References

Further reading

• Gough, Alex (2010). Solid Sea and Southern Skies Two Years in Antarctica. Dunedin, N.Z.: A. Gough. ISBN 978-0-473-18309-7. OCLC 702361699. 
• Howe, A. Scott; Sherwood, Brent (2009). "Chapter 27: Halley VI Antarctic Research Station". Out of This World : The New Field of Space Architecture. Reston, Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. pp. 363–370. ISBN 978-1-563-47986-1. OCLC 762079294. 
• Ross, Sandra; Richardson, Vicky (2013). Ice Lab: New Architecture and Science in Antarctica. London: The British Council. ISBN 978-0-863-55717-0. OCLC 854890064. 
• Slavid, Ruth (2015). Ice Station: The Creation of Halley VI. Zurich: Park Books. ISBN 978-3-906-02766-1. OCLC 921659865. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halley Station.

• Official website British Antarctic Survey
• Designed By Petrel Engineering
  • BAS Halley Research Station page
  • BAS images of Halley station
• "Halley Station". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
• "Halley Station Diary". BAS. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
• "Halley VI". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map
• "Halley". Polar Conservation Organisation. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 
• "Halley Winterers 1956-present". ZFids. Retrieved 3 December 2009. 

Videos

• Gemma Clarke, Structural Engineer with Faber Maunsell discusses working on Halley VI
• RIBA, Architecture and Climate Change talks: Hugh Broughton, Halley VI Research Station
• "Halley VI Research Station opened today". Kirk of the Antarctic (Blog at WordPress.com). 5 February 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.