JPEG XR

JPEG XR
Filename extension
Internet media type
  • image/vnd.ms-photo
  • image/jxr[3]
Developed by Microsoft, ITU-T, ISO/IEC
Initial release 14 April 2009
Latest release
01/2012 (ITU-T); 2012 edition (ISO/IEC)
(January 2012 (2012-01))
Type of format Graphics file format
Contained by TIFF
Standard ITU-T Rec. T.832 (01/2012),
ISO/IEC 29199-2:2012
Open format? Yes (New BSD license)
Website ITU-T T.832 (01/2012),
ISO/IEC 29199-2: 2012

JPEG XR[4] (abbr. for JPEG extended range[5]) is a still-image compression standard and file format for continuous tone photographic images, based on technology originally developed and patented by Microsoft under the name HD Photo (formerly Windows Media Photo).[6] It supports both lossy and lossless compression, and is the preferred image format for Ecma-388 Open XML Paper Specification documents.

Support for the format is available in Adobe Flash Player 11.0, Adobe AIR 3.0, Sumatra PDF 2.1, Windows Imaging Component, .NET Framework 3.0, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Internet Explorer 9, Internet Explorer 10, Internet Explorer 11, Pale Moon 27.2.[7][8][9]As of August 2014, there were still no cameras that shoot photos in the JPEG XR (.JXR) format.

History

Microsoft first announced Windows Media Photo at WinHEC 2006,[10] and then renamed it to HD Photo in November of that year. In July 2007, the Joint Photographic Experts Group and Microsoft announced HD Photo to be under consideration to become a JPEG standard known as JPEG XR.[11][12] On 16 March 2009, JPEG XR was given final approval as ITU-T Recommendation T.832 and starting in April 2009, it became available from the ITU-T in "pre-published" form.[1] On 19 June 2009, it passed an ISO/IEC Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) ballot, resulting in final approval as International Standard ISO/IEC 29199-2.[13][14] The ITU-T updated its publication with a corrigendum approved in December 2009,[1] and ISO/IEC issued a new edition with similar corrections on 30 September 2010.[15]

In 2010, after completion of the image coding specification, the ITU-T and ISO/IEC also published a motion format specification (ITU-T T.833 | ISO/IEC 29199-3), a conformance test set (ITU-T T.834 | ISO/IEC 29199-4), and reference software (ITU-T T.835 | ISO/IEC 29199-5) for JPEG XR. In 2011, they published a technical report describing the workflow architecture for the use of JPEG XR images in applications (ITU-T T.Sup2 | ISO/IEC TR 29199-1).

Description

Capabilities

JPEG XR is an image file format that offers several key improvements over JPEG, including:[16]

Better compression
JPEG XR file format supports higher compression ratios in comparison to JPEG for encoding an image with equivalent quality.
Lossless compression
JPEG XR also supports lossless compression. The signal processing steps in JPEG XR are the same for both lossless and lossy coding. This makes the lossless mode simple to support and enables the "trimming" of some bits from a lossless compressed image to produce a lossy compressed image.
Tile structure support
A JPEG XR coded image can be segmented into tile regions. The data for each region can be decoded separately. This enables rapid access to parts of an image without needing to decode the entire image. When a type of tiling referred to as "soft tiling" is used, the tile region structuring can be changed without fully decoding the image and without introducing additional distortion.
Support for more color accuracy
JPEG XR supports a wide variety of image color representations in addition to the conventional 8-bit-per-sample YUV (formally YCbCr) 4:2:0 encoding that is typically used for the original JPEG standard.
For support of images using an RGB color space, JPEG XR includes an internal conversion to the YCgCo color space, and supports a variety of bit depth and color representation packing schemes. These can be used with and without an accompanying alpha channel for shape masking and semi-transparency support, and some of them have much higher precision than what has typically been used for image coding. They include:
  • Low bit-depth packings of RGB into 16 bits per pixel using 5 bits for each channel or 5 bits for red and blue and 6 bits for green
  • 8 bits per component (sometimes called true color) packed into 24 or 32 bits per pixel
  • 10 bits per component in a 32 bit packed representation (one of several higher-precision varieties of color representation known as deep color)
  • 16 bits per component as integers, fixed-point numbers, or half-precision floating-point numbers packed into 48 or 64 bits
  • 32 bits per component as fixed-point numbers or full-precision floating point numbers packed into 96 or 128 bits (for which lossless coding is not supported due to the excessively high precision)
JPEG XR also supports 16-bit per component (64-bit per pixel) integer CMYK color model.[17]
16-bit and 32-bit fixed point color component codings are also supported in JPEG XR. In such encodings, the most-significant 4 bits of each color channel are treated as providing additional "headroom" and "toe room" beyond the range of values that represents the nominal black-to-white signal range.
Moreover, 16-bit and 32-bit floating point color component codings are supported in JPEG XR. In these cases the image is interpreted as floating point data, although the JPEG XR encoding and decoding steps are all performed using only integer operations (to simplify the compression processing).
The shared-exponent floating point color format known as RGBE (Radiance) is also supported, enabling more faithful storage of High Dynamic Range (HDR) images.
In addition to RGB and CMYK formats, JPEG XR also supports grayscale and multi-channel color encodings with an arbitrary number of channels.
The color representations, in most cases, are transformed to an internal color representation. The transformation is entirely reversible, so that this color transformation step does not introduce distortion and thus lossless coding modes can be supported.
Transparency map support
An alpha channel may be present to represent transparency, so that alpha blending overlay capability is enabled.
Compressed-domain image modification
In JPEG XR, full decoding of the image is unnecessary for converting an image from a lossless to lossy encoding, reducing the fidelity of a lossy encoding, or reducing the encoded image resolution.
Full decoding is also unnecessary for certain editing operations such as cropping, horizontal or vertical flips, or cardinal rotations.
The tile structure for access to image regions can also be changed without full decoding and without introducing distortion.
Metadata support
A JPEG XR image file may optionally contain an embedded ICC color profile, to achieve consistent color representation across multiple devices.
Exif and XMP metadata formats are also supported.

Container format

One file container format that can be used to store JPEG XR image data is specified in Annex A of the JPEG XR standard. It is a TIFF-like format using a table of Image File Directory (IFD) tags. A JPEG XR file contains image data, optional alpha channel data, metadata, optional XMP metadata stored as RDF/XML, and optional Exif metadata, in IFD tags. The image data is a contiguous self-contained chunk of data. The optional alpha channel, if present, can be compressed as a separate image record, enabling decoding of the image data independently of transparency data in applications which do not support transparency. (Alternatively, JPEG XR also supports an "interleaved" alpha channel format in which the alpha channel data is encoded together with the other image data in a single compressed codestream.)

Being TIFF-based, this format inherits all of the limitations of the TIFF format including the 4 GB file-size limit, which according to the HD Photo specification "will be addressed in a future update".[18]

New work has been started in the JPEG committee to enable the use of JPEG XR image coding within the JPX file storage format — enabling use of the JPIP protocol, which allows interactive browsing of networked images.[13] Additionally, a Motion JPEG XR specification was approved as an ISO standard for motion (video) compression in March 2010.[19]

Compression algorithm

Comparison between JPEG 2000, JPEG XR, and JPEG.

JPEG XR's design[1][20] is conceptually very similar to JPEG: the source image is optionally converted to a luma-chroma colorspace, the chroma planes are optionally subsampled, each plane is divided into fixed-size blocks, the blocks are transformed into the frequency domain, and the frequency coefficients are quantized and entropy coded. Major differences include the following:

The HD Photo bitstream specification claims that "HD Photo offers image quality comparable to JPEG-2000 with computational and memory performance more closely comparable to JPEG", that it "delivers a lossy compressed image of better perceptive quality than JPEG at less than half the file size", and that "lossless compressed images … are typically 2.5 times smaller than the original uncompressed data".

Software support

A reference software implementation of JPEG XR has been published as ITU-T Recommendation T.835 and ISO/IEC International Standard 29199-5.

The following notable software products natively support JPEG XR:

Product Name Publisher Read support Write support
Capture One 7 or later Phase One Yes Yes
Corel Paint Shop Pro X2 or later Corel Yes Yes [25]
Fast Picture Viewer Axel Rietschin Software Developments Yes N/A [26]
ImageMagick ImageMagick Studio LLC Yes Yes [27]
Internet Explorer 9 Microsoft Yes N/A [28][29]
Microsoft Expression Design Microsoft Yes Yes [30]
Microsoft Expression Media Microsoft Yes No
Microsoft Image Composite Editor Microsoft Yes Yes [31]
Pale Moon (web browser) Moonchild productionsYes N/A [32]
PhotoLine Computerinsel Yes Yes
Serif PhotoPlus X7 Serif Europe Yes Yes
Windows Live Photo Gallery Microsoft Yes Yes
Windows Photo Gallery Microsoft Yes Yes
Windows Photo Viewer Microsoft Yes N/A
Xara Designer Pro Xara Group Limited Yes No [33]
XnView Pierre-Emmanuel Gougelet Yes Yes [34][35]
Zoner Photo Studio 13 or later Zoner Software Yes Yes

The following notable software support JPEG XR through a Plug-in:

Product name Publisher Plug-in name Plug-in publisher Read support Write support
Adobe Photoshop (CS2,CS5-CS6) Adobe Systems JPEG XR File Format Plug-in for Photoshop Microsoft Corporation Yes Yes [36][37]
GIMP The GIMP Development Team JPEG XR plugin for GIMP C. Hausner Yes Yes [38]
IrfanView 4.25 and later Irfan Skiljan HDP version 4.26 Irfan Skiljan Yes No [39]
Paint.NET Rick Brewster JPEG XR plugin for Paint.NET C. Hausner Yes Yes [40]
Quick Look Apple Inc. JPEG XR plugin for Quick Look B. Hoary Yes N/A [41]

The following APIs and software frameworks support JPEG XR and may be used in other software to provide JPEG XR support to end users:

Product Name Publisher Read support Write support
Adobe Integrated Runtime 3.3 Adobe Systems Yes Yes [42]
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 Adobe Systems Yes Yes [42]
Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP) Intel Yes Yes [43][44]
LEADTOOLS LEAD Technologies Yes Yes [45]
Windows Imaging Component (WIC) Microsoft Yes Yes

The 2011 video game Rage employs JPEG XR compression to compress its textures.[46]

Licensing

Microsoft has patents on the technology in JPEG XR. A Microsoft representative stated in a January 2007 interview that in order to encourage the adoption and use of HD Photo, the specification is made available under the Microsoft Open Specification Promise, which asserts that Microsoft allows implementation of the specification for free, and will not file suits on the patented technology for its implementation,[47] as reportedly stated by Josh Weisberg, director of Microsoft's Rich Media Group. As of 15 August 2010, Microsoft made the resulting JPEG XR standard available under its Community Promise.[48]

In July 2010, reference software to implement the JPEG XR standard was published as ITU-T Recommendation T.835 and International Standard ISO/IEC 29199-5. Microsoft included these publications in the list of specifications covered by its Community Promise.[48]

In April 2013, Microsoft released an open source JPEG XR library under the BSD licence.[49][50] This resolved any licensing issues with the library being implemented in software packages distributed under popular open source licences such as the GNU General Public License, with which the previously released "HD Photo Device Porting Kit"[51] was incompatible.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Recommendation T.832 (01/2012): Information technology - JPEG XR image coding system - Part 2: Image coding specification". International Telecommunication Union - Standardization sector (ITU-T). January 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Microsoft Device Porting Kit Specification". Microsoft Corporation. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  3. "Provisional Standard Media Type Registry". IANA. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  4. Bill, Crow (1 November 2006). "Introducing". Microsoft Developer Network blogs, Bill Crow's blog. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  5. Bill, Crow (31 July 2007). "Industry Standardization for HD Photo". Microsoft Developer Network blogs, Bill Crow's blog. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  6. "HD Photo, Version 1.0 (Windows Media Photo)". Digital Preservation. Library of Congress. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  7. matthewu (2014-01-31). "jxrlib". CodePlex. Retrieved 2014-03-15. The JPEG XR format replaces the HD Photo/Windows Media™ Photo format in both Windows 8 and the Windows Image Component (WIC). WIC accompanies the Internet Explorer 10 redistributable packages for down-level versions of Windows.
  8. "Platform update for Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1". Microsoft Knowledge Base. 2013-02-02. KB 2670838. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
  9. "Pale Moon Release Notes". Moonchild Productions.
  10. Microsoft shows off JPEG rival
  11. "Microsoft’s HD Photo Technology Is Considered for Standardization by JPEG". Microsoft Corporation. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
  12. "JPEG 2000 Digital Cinema Successes and Proposed Standardization of JPEG XR". Join Photographic Experts Group. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  13. 1 2 Sharpe, Louis (17 July 2009). "Press Release – 49th WG1 Sardinia Meeting". Joint Photographic Experts Group. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  14. "ISO/IEC 29199-2:2009 Information technology - JPEG XR image coding system - Part 2: Image coding specification". International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 14 August 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  15. "ISO/IEC 29199-2:2010 Information technology - JPEG XR image coding system - Part 2: Image coding specification". International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 30 September 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  16. Bill, Crow (30 July 2009). "JPEG XR is Now an International Standard". Microsoft Developer Network blogs, Bill Crow's blog. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  17. Crow, Bill (1 June 2006). "Pixel Formats (Part 1: Unsigned Integers)". Bill Crow's Digital Imaging & Photography Blog. Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  18. "Windows Media Photo Specification". Retrieved 2016-10-05.
  19. "JPEG launches Innovations group, new book " JPEG 2000 Suite " published". jpeg.org. 19 March 2010.
  20. S. Srinivasan, C. Tu, S. L. Regunathan, and G. J. Sullivan, "HD Photo: A New Image Coding Technology for Digital Photography", SPIE Applications of Digital Image Processing XXX, SPIE Proceedings, volume 6696, paper 66960A, September 2007.
  21. "JPEG XR Device Porting Kit Specification". JPEGXR_DPK_Spec_1.0.doc. Microsoft. 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
  22. 1 2 C. Tu, S. Srinivasan, G. J. Sullivan, S. Regunathan, and H. S. Malvar, "Low-complexity Hierarchical Lapped Transform for Lossy-to-Lossless Image Coding in JPEG XR / HD Photo", SPIE Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXI, SPIE Proceedings, volume 7073, paper 70730C, August 2008.
  23. Liang, Jie; Trac D. Tran (2001). "Fast multiplierless approximations of the DCT with the lifting scheme". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 49 (12): 3032–3044. doi:10.1109/78.969511.
  24. Tran, Trac D.; Jie Liang; Chengjie Tu (2003). "Lapped transform via time-domain pre- and post-filtering". IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 51 (6): 1557–1571. doi:10.1109/TSP.2003.811222.
  25. "Corel Paint Shop Pro® Photo X2 Introduces Integrated Support for the Microsoft HD Photo Format". 20 November 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  26. "FastPictureViewer's format compatibility chart".
  27. "ImageMagick Image Formatssite". ImageMagick Studio LLC. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  28. "Image Support". Microsoft Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  29. Olivier, Frank (9 April 2010). "Benefits of GPU-powered HTML5". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  30. Crow, Bill (27 March 2007). "Expression Design Includes HD Photo Support". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  31. "Microsoft Research Image Composite Editor". Microsoft Research. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  32. "Pale Moon 27.2 released!". Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  33. "Advanced Features: HD Photo import". Xara Group. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  34. Gougelet, Pierre E. "Formats". Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  35. Gougelet, Pierre E. "Added/Changed Features to XnView". Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  36. "HD Photo Plug-ins for Photoshop are Released". Bill Crow's Digital Imaging & Photography Blog. MSDN Blogs. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
  37. "JPEG XR File Format Plug-in for Photoshop". Microsoft Research. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  38. JPEG XR plugin for GIMP
  39. http://www.irfanview.com/plugins.htm
  40. JPEG XR plugin for Paint.NET
  41. JPEG XR plugin for Quick Look
  42. 1 2 "Flash Player 11 and AIR 3 Release Notes for Adobe Labs" (PDF). 12 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  43. Product Brief: Intel Integrated Performance Primitives 7.0, 2010.
  44. JPEG XR Codec support in Intel IPP - an Introduction, features and advantages, 23 August 2010.
  45. "LEADTOOLS JPEG-XR Image Compression SDK". LEADTOOLS. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  46. Carmack, John (29 October 2010). "John Carmack discusses RAGE on iPhone/iPad/iPod". Bethesda Blog. ZeniMax Media Inc. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  47. Stephen Shankland (23 January 2007). "Vista to give HD Photo format more exposure". CNET. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
  48. 1 2 "Microsoft Community Promise". Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  49. "JPEG XR Photoshop Plugin and Source Code". Microsoft. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  50. "jxrlib JPEG-XR library". Microsoft. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  51. "HD Photo Device Porting Kit 1.0". Microsoft. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
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