Hồ Quý Ly
| Thánh Nguyên | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of Đại Ngu | |||||
| Emperor of Hồ dynasty | |||||
| Reign | 1400 – 1401 | ||||
| Predecessor | Dynasty established | ||||
| Successor | Hồ Hán Thương | ||||
| Born | 1336 | ||||
| Spouse |
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| Issue |
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| House | Hồ dynasty | ||||
| Dynasty | Hồ dynasty | ||||
Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛; 1336–?), name at birth: Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛), was the founder and first emperor (1400–01) of the Hồ Dynasty of Vietnam, who rose from the post as a mandarin under the Trần Dynasty.[1] His reigning title was Thánh Nguyên (聖元).[2][3]
Hồ Quý Ly's great-great-grandfather, Hồ Liêm 胡廉 migrated from Zhejiang province in China to Vietnam during the Later Han dynasty (947-950), when China was at the time engulfed by the Five Dynasties struggle. The family would later establish themselves in northern Vietnam before eventually settling in Thanh Hóa province.[4][5]
In 1400, Hồ Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần emperor, his cousin-in-law through Empress Hiển Trinh, and declared himself emperor, establishing the Hồ Dynasty and renaming the country from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. During his reign, he made several significant economic and administrative reforms.[6] In 1396, he enacted a law issuing paper money instead of minting bronze coins and ordered to execute anyone caught using coins though this but failed,[7] mostly because of the lack in credibility in paper money as it was easy to duplicate at that time. In 1397, he began to work on land reform policies, limiting the area of land to be owned by aristocrats, mandarins and landlords to 10 acres for each household. He also ordered standardisation of measurement methods, imperial examination reforms and promote the use of chữ Nôm as official writing system instead of chữ Hán.
From 1400 to 1403, Hồ Quý Ly and his son, Hồ Hán Thương sent three expeditions against Champa. The 1402 campaign resulted in the Champa King Jaya Simhavarman V relinquishing southern Quảng Nam and northern Quảng Ngãi to the Hồ dynasty.[8]:111–112
In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son Hồ Hán Thương.
In 1407, Hồ Quý Ly failed to rally his subjects in the war of resistance against an attack by the Ming Yongle Emperor's forces.[9] He was captured by Ming forces in Thien Cam cave and was exiled to China. He was forced to enlist in the Ming army as a common soldier. It is not clear when he died.[6] His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Hồ Nhuế, also died in Chinese exile.[8]:112–113
Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some scholars highly value his radical thoughts and reformation, while others regard him as an usurper. He ordered the construction of a citadel in Thanh Hóa Province. The remnants of this citadel are included in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
See also
References
- ↑ Anh Tuấn Hoàng Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 2007 Page 18 "By the end of the following century, however, the Trần had declined and the dynasty was eventually usurped by Hồ Quý Ly, who founded the Hồ Dynasty in 1400 but failed to preserve independence of the country from Ming invasion ..."
- ↑ Taylor (2013), p. 166
- ↑ Hall (2008), p. 161
- ↑ K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
- ↑ Kenneth R. Hall (2008). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400-1800. Lexington Books. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-7391-2835-0.
- 1 2 Corbin, Justin, The History of Vietnam, 2008, p. 10–11.
- ↑ "Over-600-year history of Vietnam banknotes". Vietnamnet. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- 1 2 Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- ↑ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 151 "The combination of the Trần court's incompetence and the treachery of Hồ Quý Ly, who first inserted himself in the royal family and then, in 1400, usurped the throne, provided the Ming Chinese with a pretext to invade."
External links
- Hall, Kenneth R., ed. (2008). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400-1800. Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739128353. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- Taylor, K. W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521875862. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
| Hồ Quý Ly Hồ Dynasty | ||
| Preceded by Trần Thiếu Đế as Emperor of the Trần Dynasty |
Emperor of Đại Ngu 1400–1401 |
Succeeded by Hồ Hán Thương |