Shotcrete

A building worker is spraying shotcrete on welded wire mesh

Shotcrete nozzle with 75 mm concrete hose from line pump and 20 mm compressed air line.

Shotcrete swimming pool under construction in Northern Australia.

A 76 mm borehole in fibre reinforced shotcrete on a tunnel wall.

A shotcrete curvelinear wall at the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, Poland

Shotcrete-stabilized cliff above a motorway in New Zealand

Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique. It is reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, and/or fibers. Fiber reinforcement (steel or synthetic) is also used for stabilization in applications such as slopes or tunneling.

Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions. In pool construction, however, the term "shotcrete" refers to wet-mix and "gunite" to dry-mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable (see "Shotcrete vs. gunite" discussion below).

Shotcrete is placed and compacted at the same time, due to the force with the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.

History

Shotcrete, then known as gunite (/ˈgənīt/), was invented in 1907 by American taxidermist Carl Akeley to repair the crumbling facade of the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago (the old Palace of Fine Arts from the World's Columbian Exposition).^[1] He used the method of blowing dry material out of a hose with compressed air, injecting water at the nozzle as it was released. In 1911, he was granted a patent for his inventions, the "cement gun", the equipment used, and "gunite", the material that was produced. There is no evidence that Akeley ever used sprayable concrete in his taxidermy work, as is sometimes suggested. F. Trubee Davison covered this and other Akeley inventions in a special issue of Natural History magazine.^[2]

Until the 1950s when the wet-mix process was devised, only the dry-mix process was used. In the 1960s, the alternative method for gunning by the dry method was devised with the development of the rotary gun, with an open hopper that could be fed continuously. Shotcrete is also a viable means and method for placing structural concrete.

The nozzleman is the person controlling the nozzle that delivers the concrete to the surface. The nozzle is controlled by hand on small jobs, for example the construction of small swimming pools. On larger work the nozzle can sometimes be held by mechanical arms where the nozzleman controls the operation by a hand-held remote control.

Dry mix vs. wet mix

The dry mix method involves placing the dry ingredients into a hopper and then conveying them pneumatically through a hose to the nozzle. The nozzleman controls the addition of water at the nozzle. The water and the dry mixture is not completely mixed, but is completed as the mixture hits the receiving surface. This requires a skilled nozzleman, especially in the case of thick or heavily reinforced sections. Advantages of the dry mix process are that the water content can be adjusted instantaneously by the nozzleman, allowing more effective placement in overhead and vertical applications without using accelerators. The dry mix process is useful in repair applications when it is necessary to stop frequently, as the dry material is easily discharged from the hose.

Wet-mix shotcrete involves pumping of a previously prepared concrete, typically ready-mixed concrete, to the nozzle. Compressed air is introduced at the nozzle to impel the mixture onto the receiving surface. The wet-process procedure generally produces less rebound, waste (when material falls to the floor), and dust compared to the dry-mix process. The greatest advantage of the wet-mix process is all the ingredients are mixed with the water and additives required, and also larger volumes can be placed in less time than the dry process.

Shotcrete machines

Shotcrete machines are available which control the complete process and make it very fast and easy. Manual and mechanical methods are used for the wet spraying process but wet sprayed concrete is traditionally applied by machine. The high spray outputs and large cross-sections require the work to be mechanised. Concrete spraying systems with duplex pumps are mainly used for working with wet mixes. Unlike conventional concrete pumps, these systems have to meet the additional requirement of delivering a concrete flow that is as constant as possible, and therefore continuous, to guarantee homogeneous spray application'.^[3]

Mining applications

This method is very useful in Underground mining (hard rock). Development of decline pathway to go underground is critical for movement of heavy machinery, miners, and material. Shotcrete helps make these paths safe from any ground fall.^[4]

Shotcrete vs. gunite

Shotcrete is an all-inclusive term that describes spraying concrete or mortar with either a dry or wet mix process. However, shotcrete may also sometimes be used (incorrectly) to distinguish wet-mix from the dry-mix method. The term shotcrete was first defined by the American Railway Engineers Association (AREA) in the early 1930s.^[5] By 1951, shotcrete had become the official generic name of the sprayed concrete process—whether it utilizes the wet or dry process.^[5]

Gunite was originally a trademarked name that specifically referred to the dry-mix shotcrete process. In the dry-mix process, the dry sand and cement mixture is blown through a hose using compressed air, with water being injected at the nozzle to hydrate the mixture, immediately before it is discharged onto the receiving surface. Gunite was the original term coined by Akeley, trademarked in 1909 and patented in North Carolina. The concrete mixture is by pneumatic pressure from a gun, hence "gun"-ite.

The term "Gunite" became the registered trademark of Allentown Equipment, the oldest manufacturer of gunite equipment. Other manufacturers were thus compelled to use other terminology to describe the process such as shotcrete, pneumatic concrete, guncrete, etc.

Shotcrete has emerged as the all-inclusive industry term to correctly describe "pneumatically applied concrete," either by the wet or dry process. The term "Gunite" is a noun (product name) and should not be used as a verb (as in, to "gunite" something). According to the American Shotcrete Association (ASA), the correct terminology is "shotcrete—wet mix" or "shotcrete—dry mix."

Reinforcement

Fire-resistant shotcrete developed in Norway is used for the safety of the Marmaray tunnel in Istanbul.^[6]

See also

• Cement
• Concrete
• Rebar
• Reinforced concrete
• Slurry wall
• Structural engineering
• The Flintstone House – an example of shotcrete housing construction

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shotcrete.

• American Shotcrete Association
• Sprayed Concrete Association
• Con Forms
• Ultra Tech Pipe
• Shotcrete vs. Gunite vs. Pump Casting vs. Casting