List of Governors of Georgia
Governor of Georgia | |
---|---|
Seal of the State of Georgia | |
Residence | Georgia Governor's Mansion |
Term length | Four years, renewable once |
Inaugural holder |
Archibald Bulloch 1775 |
Formation | Georgia State Constitution |
Salary | $139,339 (2013)[1] |
The Governor of Georgia is the head of the executive branch of Georgia's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature.
The current governor is Nathan Deal.
Governors
- For the period before independence, see the list of colonial governors of Georgia.
Georgia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and ratified the Constitution of the United States on January 2, 1788.[2] Before it declared its independence, Georgia was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Georgia had claims to western areas, but did not cede its claims during the formation of the country like the other states. It sold this area, the Yazoo Lands, to the federal government on April 24, 1802,[3] when it was assigned to Mississippi Territory.
In Georgia's Rules and Regulations of 1776, considered by some to be the first constitution, the chief executive was a president chosen by the legislature every six months.[4] This was quickly superseded by the 1777 constitution, which called for a governor to be chosen by the legislature each year,[5] with a term limited to one year out of every three.[6] In the event of a vacancy, the president of the executive council acted as governor.[7] The governor's term was lengthened to two years in the 1789 constitution.[8] The 1798 constitution modified succession so that the president of the senate would act as governor should that office become vacant. An 1818 amendment to that constitution extended the line of succession to the speaker of the house,[9] and an 1824 amendment provided for popular election of the governor.[10]
While the 1861 secessionist constitution kept the office the same, the other constitutions surrounding the American Civil War brought lots of changes. The 1865 constitution, following Georgia's surrender, limited governors to two consecutive terms of two years each, allowing them to serve again after a gap of four years.[11] The Reconstruction constitution of 1868 increased the governor's term to four years.[12] The 1877 constitution, after local rule was re-established, returned the office to the provisions of the 1865 constitution.[13] An amendment in 1941 lengthened terms to 4 years, but governors could no longer succeed themselves, having to wait four years to serve again.[14] The constitution does not specify when terms start, only that the governor is installed at the next session of the General Assembly.[15]
The 1945 constitution provided for a lieutenant governor, to serve the same term as governor and to act as governor if that office became vacant. Should it become vacant within 30 days of the next general election, or if the governor's term would have ended within 90 days of the next election, the lieutenant governor acts out the term; otherwise, a successor is chosen in the next general election.[16] This was retained in the 1976 constitution. The current constitution of 1983 allows governors to succeed themselves once before having to wait four years to serve again,[17] and lieutenant governors now become governor in the event of a vacancy. Should the office of lieutenant governor be vacant, the speaker of the house acts as governor, and a special election to fill the office must happen in 90 days.[18]
The revolutionary government had several names and schisms, and it is unknown who should have been considered the chief executive at various times. This article ignores the Council of Safety of William Ewen in favor of Archibald Bulloch, considered by many to be the first governor of Georgia.[19][20]
#[lower-alpha 1] | Governor | Term in office[lower-alpha 2] | Party | Election | Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 3] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archibald Bulloch | July 12, 1775 – February 22, 1777 |
None | — [lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5] |
Office did not exist | ||||
Button Gwinnett | February 22, 1777 – May 8, 1777 |
None | — [lower-alpha 5] | |||||
John A. Treutlen | May 8, 1777 – January 10, 1778 |
None | — | |||||
John Houstoun | January 10, 1778 – December 26, 1778 |
None | — | |||||
— | — | Vacant | December 26, 1778 – January 4, 1780 |
— | — [lower-alpha 6] | |||
Richard Howly | January 4, 1780 – February 5, 1780 |
None | — [lower-alpha 7] | |||||
George Wells | February 5, 1780 – February 15, 1780 |
None | — [lower-alpha 7] | |||||
Stephen Heard | February 15, 1780 – August 1780 |
None | — [lower-alpha 7] | |||||
Myrick Davies | August 1780 – August 16, 1781 |
None | — [lower-alpha 7] | |||||
Nathan Brownson | August 16, 1781 – January 3, 1782 |
None | 1781 | |||||
John Martin | January 3, 1782 – January 8, 1783 |
None | 1782 | |||||
Lyman Hall | January 8, 1783 – January 9, 1784 |
None | 1783 | |||||
John Houstoun | January 9, 1784 – January 6, 1785 |
None | 1784 | |||||
Samuel Elbert | January 6, 1785 – January 9, 1786 |
None | 1785 | |||||
Edward Telfair | January 9, 1786 – January 9, 1787 |
None | 1786 | |||||
George Mathews | January 9, 1787 – January 26, 1788 |
None | 1787 | |||||
George Handley | January 26, 1788 – January 7, 1789 |
None | 1788 | |||||
George Walton | January 7, 1789 – November 11, 1789 |
Democratic-Republican | Jan. 1789 [lower-alpha 8] | |||||
Edward Telfair | November 11, 1789 – November 7, 1793 |
Democratic-Republican | Nov. 1789 [lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9] | |||||
1791 | ||||||||
George Mathews | November 7, 1793 – January 15, 1796 |
Democratic-Republican | 1793 | |||||
Jared Irwin | January 15, 1796 – January 12, 1798 |
Democratic-Republican | 1795 | |||||
23 | James Jackson | January 12, 1798 – March 3, 1801 |
Democratic-Republican | 1797 | ||||
1799 [lower-alpha 10] | ||||||||
24 | David Emanuel | March 3, 1801 – November 7, 1801 |
Democratic-Republican | |||||
25 | Josiah Tattnall, Sr. | November 7, 1801 – November 4, 1802 |
Democratic-Republican | 1801 [lower-alpha 11] | ||||
26 | John Milledge | November 4, 1802 – September 23, 1806 |
Democratic-Republican | |||||
1803 | ||||||||
1805 [lower-alpha 12] | ||||||||
Jared Irwin | September 23, 1806 – November 10, 1809 |
Democratic-Republican | ||||||
1807 | ||||||||
27 | David B. Mitchell | November 10, 1809 – November 5, 1813 |
Democratic-Republican | 1809 | ||||
1811 | ||||||||
28 | Peter Early | November 5, 1813 – November 20, 1815 |
Democratic-Republican | 1813 | ||||
(27) | David B. Mitchell | November 20, 1815 – March 4, 1817 |
Democratic-Republican | 1815 [lower-alpha 13] | ||||
29 | William Rabun | March 4, 1817 – October 24, 1819 |
Democratic-Republican | |||||
1817 [lower-alpha 14] | ||||||||
30 | Matthew Talbot | October 24, 1819 – November 5, 1819 |
Democratic-Republican | |||||
31 | John Clark | November 5, 1819 – November 7, 1823 |
Democratic-Republican | 1819 | ||||
1821 | ||||||||
32 | George M. Troup | November 7, 1823 – November 7, 1827 |
Democratic-Republican | 1823 | ||||
1825 | ||||||||
33 | John Forsyth | November 7, 1827 – November 4, 1829 |
Democratic-Republican | 1827 | ||||
34 | George R. Gilmer | November 4, 1829 – November 9, 1831 |
Democratic-Republican | 1829 | ||||
35 | Wilson Lumpkin | November 9, 1831 – November 4, 1835 |
Union (Democratic) | 1831 | ||||
1833 | ||||||||
36 | William Schley | November 4, 1835 – November 8, 1837 |
Union (Democratic) | 1835 | ||||
(34) | George R. Gilmer | November 8, 1837 – November 6, 1839 |
State Rights (Whig) | 1837 | ||||
37 | Charles J. McDonald | November 6, 1839 – November 8, 1843 |
Union (Democratic) | 1839 | ||||
1841 | ||||||||
38 | George W. Crawford | November 8, 1843 – November 3, 1847 |
Whig | 1843 | ||||
1845 | ||||||||
39 | George W. Towns | November 3, 1847 – November 5, 1851 |
Democratic | 1847 | ||||
1849 | ||||||||
40 | Howell Cobb | November 5, 1851 – November 9, 1853 |
Constitutional Union | 1851 | ||||
41 | Herschel V. Johnson | November 9, 1853 – November 6, 1857 |
Democratic | 1853 | ||||
1855 | ||||||||
42 | Joseph E. Brown | November 6, 1857 – June 17, 1865[lower-alpha 15] |
Democratic | 1857 | ||||
1859 | ||||||||
1861 | ||||||||
1863 [lower-alpha 16] | ||||||||
43 | James Johnson | June 17, 1865 – December 14, 1865[lower-alpha 17] |
Democratic | — [lower-alpha 18] | ||||
44 | Charles J. Jenkins | December 14, 1865 – January 13, 1868 |
Democratic | 1865 [lower-alpha 19] | ||||
45 | Thomas H. Ruger | January 13, 1868 – July 4, 1868 |
Military | — [lower-alpha 20] | ||||
46 | Rufus B. Bullock | July 4, 1868[lower-alpha 21] – October 30, 1871[lower-alpha 22] |
Republican | 1868 [lower-alpha 23][lower-alpha 24] | ||||
47 | Benjamin F. Conley | October 30, 1871 – January 12, 1872 |
Republican | |||||
48 | James M. Smith | January 12, 1872 – January 12, 1877 |
Democratic | |||||
1872 | ||||||||
49 | Alfred H. Colquitt | January 12, 1877 – November 4, 1882 |
Democratic | 1876 | ||||
1880 [lower-alpha 25] | ||||||||
50 | Alexander H. Stephens | November 4, 1882 – March 4, 1883 |
Democratic | 1882 [lower-alpha 26] | ||||
51 | James S. Boynton | March 4, 1883 – May 10, 1883 |
Democratic | |||||
52 | Henry D. McDaniel | May 10, 1883 – November 9, 1886 |
Democratic | |||||
1884 | ||||||||
53 | John B. Gordon | November 9, 1886 – November 8, 1890 |
Democratic | 1886 | ||||
1888 | ||||||||
54 | William J. Northen | November 8, 1890 – October 27, 1894 |
Democratic | 1890 | ||||
1892 | ||||||||
55 | William Y. Atkinson | October 27, 1894 – October 29, 1898 |
Democratic | 1894 | ||||
1896 | ||||||||
56 | Allen D. Candler | October 29, 1898 – October 25, 1902 |
Democratic | 1898 | ||||
1900 | ||||||||
57 | Joseph M. Terrell | October 25, 1902 – June 29, 1907 |
Democratic | 1902 | ||||
1904 [lower-alpha 27] | ||||||||
58 | Hoke Smith | June 29, 1907 – June 26, 1909 |
Democratic | 1906 | ||||
59 | Joseph M. Brown | June 26, 1909 – July 1, 1911 |
Democratic | 1908 | ||||
(58) | Hoke Smith | July 1, 1911 – November 15, 1911[lower-alpha 28] |
Democratic | 1910 [lower-alpha 29] | ||||
60 | John M. Slaton | November 16, 1911 – January 25, 1912 |
Democratic | |||||
(59) | Joseph M. Brown | January 25, 1912 – June 28, 1913 |
Democratic | |||||
(60) | John M. Slaton | June 28, 1913 – June 26, 1915 |
Democratic | 1912 | ||||
61 | Nathaniel E. Harris | June 26, 1915 – June 30, 1917 |
Democratic | 1914 | ||||
62 | Hugh Dorsey | June 30, 1917 – June 25, 1921 |
Democratic | 1916 | ||||
1918 | ||||||||
63 | Thomas W. Hardwick | June 25, 1921 – June 30, 1923 |
Democratic | 1920 | ||||
64 | Clifford Walker | June 30, 1923 – June 25, 1927 |
Democratic | 1922 | ||||
1924 | ||||||||
65 | Lamartine G. Hardman | June 25, 1927 – June 27, 1931 |
Democratic | 1926 | ||||
1928 | ||||||||
66 | Richard Russell Jr. | June 27, 1931 – January 10, 1933 |
Democratic | 1930 [lower-alpha 30] | ||||
67 | Eugene Talmadge | January 10, 1933 – January 12, 1937 |
Democratic | 1932 | ||||
1934 | ||||||||
68 | Eurith D. Rivers | January 12, 1937 – January 14, 1941 |
Democratic | 1936 | ||||
1938 | ||||||||
(67) | Eugene Talmadge | January 14, 1941 – January 12, 1943 |
Democratic | 1940 | ||||
69 | Ellis Arnall | January 12, 1943 – January 14, 1947 |
Democratic | 1942 [lower-alpha 31] | ||||
— | Eugene Talmadge | — | Democratic | 1946 [lower-alpha 32] |
Melvin E. Thompson | |||
70 | Herman Talmadge | January 14, 1947 – March 18, 1947 |
Democratic | |||||
71 | Melvin E. Thompson | March 18, 1947 – November 17, 1948 |
Democratic | Vacant | ||||
(70) | Herman Talmadge | November 17, 1948 – January 11, 1955 |
Democratic | Marvin Griffin | ||||
1950 | ||||||||
72 | Marvin Griffin | January 11, 1955 – January 13, 1959 |
Democratic | 1954 | Ernest Vandiver | |||
73 | Ernest Vandiver | January 13, 1959 – January 15, 1963 |
Democratic | 1958 | Garland T. Byrd | |||
74 | Carl Sanders | January 15, 1963 – January 11, 1967 |
Democratic | 1962 | Peter Zack Geer | |||
75 | Lester Maddox | January 11, 1967 – January 12, 1971 |
Democratic | 1966 | George Thornewell Smith | |||
76 | Jimmy Carter | January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975 |
Democratic | 1970 | Lester Maddox | |||
77 | George Busbee | January 14, 1975 – January 11, 1983 |
Democratic | 1974 | Zell Miller | |||
1978 | ||||||||
78 | Joe Frank Harris | January 11, 1983 – January 14, 1991 |
Democratic | 1982 | ||||
1986 | ||||||||
79 | Zell Miller | January 14, 1991 – January 11, 1999 |
Democratic | 1990 | Pierre Howard | |||
1994 | ||||||||
80 | Roy Barnes | January 11, 1999 – January 13, 2003 |
Democratic | 1998 | Mark Taylor[lower-alpha 33] | |||
81 | George E. "Sonny" Perdue | January 13, 2003 – January 10, 2011 |
Republican | 2002 | ||||
2006 | Casey Cagle | |||||||
82 | Nathan Deal | January 10, 2011 – Present |
Republican | 2010 | ||||
2014 [lower-alpha 34] |
Living former governors
There are five living former governors, the oldest being Jimmy Carter (served 1971–1975, born 1924). The governor to die most recently was Carl Sanders (served 1963–1967, born 1926), on November 16, 2014; the most recently serving governor to die was George Busbee (served 1975–1983, born 1929), on July 16, 2004.
Governor | Gubernatorial term | Date of birth (and age) |
---|---|---|
Jimmy Carter | 1971–1975 | October 1, 1924 |
Joe Frank Harris | 1983–1991 | February 16, 1936 |
Zell Miller | 1991–1999 | February 24, 1931 |
Roy Barnes | 1999–2003 | March 11, 1948 |
George E. "Sonny" Perdue | 2003–2011 | December 20, 1946 |
Notes
- ↑ Deal is officially the 82nd governor; however, it is unknown what numbering rules allow for that.[21]
- ↑ Sourcing on term dates in the 18th century is very light and often contradictory; this article uses the dates from the National Governors Association for that period unless otherwise noted.
- ↑ The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1945, first being filled in 1947.
- ↑ The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, and thus the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine.
- 1 2 Bulloch died in office; Gwinnett was elected by the council to succeed him.
- ↑ The fall of Savannah threw the government into disarray, leading to a schism which chose two separate chief executives; it was not fully resolved until early 1780.
- 1 2 3 4 Howly resigned to be a delegate to the Continental Congress. George Wells succeeded him, but was killed in a duel ten days later, at which time Stephen Heard took over. In August 1780, exact day unknown, Myrick Davies then became president of the council.
- 1 2 There is much confusion among sources as to who served as governor in 1789 and 1790. At least one contemporary source states that George Walton served from January 9, 1789, to November 9, 1790;[22] however, other sources state Telfair was elected governor in 1789, including one citing election returns from 1789.[23] Term lengths began to be two years long beginning with this term, so it further seems incorrect for a term to have ended in 1790. This article assumes Telfair's term began in 1789, as it is the most logical solution.
- ↑ Terms were lengthened from one to two years beginning with this term.
- ↑ Jackson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate; as president of the senate, Emanuel filled the position for the remainder of the term.
- ↑ Tattnall resigned due to declining health. Milledge was chosen in a special election to fill the term.[24]
- ↑ Millege resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate; as president of the senate, Irwin filled the position for the remainder of the term.
- ↑ Mitchell resigned to be agent to the Creek Indians; as president of the senate, Rabun assumed the position for the remainder of the term.
- ↑ Rabun died in office; as president of the senate, Talbot assumed the position for the remainder of the term.
- ↑ One source states Brown left office on June 25, which could make sense as it would take several days for news of Johnson's appointment to reach Georgia. However, this source has not been corroborated.[25]
- ↑ Brown resigned following the defeat of the Confederate States of America.
- ↑ At least one source states Johnson left office "five days after" Jenkins took office, which would be December 19.[26] However, more contemporary sources say he left office on December 14.[22]
- ↑ Johnson was a provisional governor appointed by President Andrew Johnson following the American Civil War.
- ↑ Jenkins was removed from office by the military because he refused to allow state funds to be used for a racially integrated state constitutional convention; the state was still under military occupation during Reconstruction.
- ↑ Provisional governor appointed by General George Meade.
- ↑ Some sources state Bullock took office on July 21, but more contemporary sources say July 4.[22]
- ↑ Some sources state Bullock resigned on October 23, but that is when he secretly submitted his resignation; it did not take effect until October 30.[27]
- ↑ Terms were lengthened from two to four years beginning with this term.
- ↑ Bullock resigned and fled the state to avoid impeachment; he was arrested in 1876 and found not guilty of embezzlement. As president of the senate, Conley acted as governor until a special election was held, in which Smith was elected to fill the remainder of the term.
- ↑ Terms were shortened from four to two years beginning with this term.
- ↑ Stephens died in office. As president of the senate, Boynton acted as governor until a special election was held, in which McDaniel was elected to fill the remainder of the term.
- ↑ The start of a gubernatorial term has always been set by the legislature, rather than the constitution; it appears the start of this term changed from the last Saturday in October to the last Saturday in June, lengthening it by eight months.
- ↑ Sources are split on whether Smith resigned on November 15 or November 16, with contemporary sources leaning towards November 15.[28]
- ↑ Smith resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. As president of the senate, Slaton acted as governor until a special election was held, in which Brown was elected to fill the remainder of the term.
- ↑ The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months.[29]
- ↑ Terms were lengthened from two to four years beginning with this term.
- ↑ Eugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. The state legislature chose Eugene Talmadge's son, Herman Talmadge, to be governor, but during what came to be called the "Three Governors controversy", the state supreme court declared this unconstitutional and declared Thompson rightful governor, and Talmadge stepped down after 67 days. Talmadge later defeated Thompson in a special election.
- ↑ Represented the Democratic Party.
- ↑ Governor Deal's second term expires January 14, 2019; he will be term limited.
References
- General
- "Governors of Georgia". National Governors Association. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
- "The New Georgia Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- A History of Georgia, second ed. Kenneth Coleman, general editor. University of Georgia Press: 1991.
- The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia Volume 1. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- Constitutions
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia, as amended" (PDF). Secretary of State of Georgia. 1983. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia, as ratified". University of Georgia. 1983. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1976. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1945. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1877. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1868. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1865. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1861. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1798. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1789. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Constitution of the State of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1777. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- "Rules and Regulations of the Colony of Georgia". University of Georgia. 1776. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- Specific
- ↑ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
- ↑ "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Georgia - January 2, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ↑ "Yazoo Land Fraud". Our Georgia History. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
- ↑ 1776 Const. art. I
- ↑ 1777 Const. art. II
- ↑ 1777 Const. art. XXIII
- ↑ 1777 Const. art. XXIX
- ↑ 1789 Const. art. 2, § 1
- ↑ 1798 Const. Amendment 4
- ↑ 1798 Const. Amendment 7
- ↑ 1865 Const. art III, § 1
- ↑ 1868 Const. art. IV, § 1
- ↑ 1877 Const. art. 5, § 1 par. 2
- ↑
- ↑ GA Const. art V, § 1 par. 2
- ↑ 1945 Const. art. V, § 1 par. 7
- ↑ GA Const. art V, § 1 par 4
- ↑ GA Const. art. V, § 1 par 5
- ↑ "Governor Archibald Bullock". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ↑ "Archibald Bulloch". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ↑ "Nathan Deal". Archived from the original on December 25, 2010.
He was elected on Nov. 2 as the 82nd Governor of Georgia and will be inaugurated on January 10, 2011
- 1 2 3 The Government of the People of the State of Georgia. 1896. pp. 184–186. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ↑ "Georgia 1789 Governor". Tufts University. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- ↑ "Georgia 1802 Governor, Special". Tufts University. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- ↑ Otto, John Henry (2004). Memoirs of a Dutch Mudsill. Kent State University Press.
- ↑ "James Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ↑ "This Day in Georgia History - October 23, 1871: Rufus Bullock Resigned". Georgia Library Learning Online. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ↑ Official Congressional Directory. 1919. p. 17. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ↑ "Richard Brevard Russell". National Governors Association. Retrieved August 27, 2016.