Governorate of Livonia

Governorate of Livonia Лифляндская губерния Liflyandskaya guberniya
Governorate of the Russian Empire
← 1721–1918 →
Flag Coat of arms
Capital		Riga
History
•	Established (de facto)	28 July 1713
•	Established (de jure)	10 September 1721
•	Renamed	1796
•	Divided	12 April 1917
•	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	3 March 1918
•	Disestablished	12 April 1918
Population
•	(1897)	1,299,365
Political subdivisions		9
Today part of		Estonia,  Latvia

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Livonian and Estonian Governorates

The Governorate of Livonia^[1] (Russian: Лифляндская губерния, Liflyandskaya guberniya. German: Gouvernement Livland, Livländisches Gouvernement), (Latvian: Vidzemes guberņa, after the Latvian inhabited Vidzeme region) was one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, now divided between the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Estonia.

History

Map of Riga and Reval Lieutenancies, 1783

After the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, on July 28, 1713 Peter the Great created the Riga Governorate (Russian: Рижская губерния) which also included Smolensk Uyezd, Dorogobuzh Uyezd, Roslavl Uyezd and Vyazma Uyezd of Smolensk Governorate.

Sweden formally ceded Swedish Livonia to Russia in 1721 with the Treaty of Nystad. In 1722 Tartu County was added to Riga Governorate. In 1726 Smolensk Governorate was separated from Governorate, which now had five provinces - Rīga, Cēsis, Tartu, Pärnu and Saaremaa. In 1783 the Sloka County was added. On July 3, 1783 Catherine the Great reorganized Governorate into Riga Lieutenancy. Only in 1796, after the Third Partition of Poland this territory was renamed as the Governorate of Livonia.

Until late 19th century the governorate was not ruled by Russian laws but was administered autonomously by the local German Baltic nobility through feudal Landtag (Liefländischer Landtag).^[2] German nobles insisted on preserving their privileges and use of German language.

After the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia was combined with the Governorate of Estonia to form a new Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918, one day before it was occupied by German troops during World War I.

With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, Bolshevik Russia accepted the loss of the Livland Governorate and by agreements concluded in Berlin on 27 August 1918, the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia were severed from Russia.^[3]

Administrative division

The Governorate of Livonia was divided into 9 counties (Kreis).

Note: After the February Revolution based on declaration of the Provisional Government of Russia of 30 March 1917 "About the autonomy of Estland", the Government of Livland was divided: five northern counties (Kreis) with the Estonian population (Yuriev (Derpt), Pernov, Fellin, Verro and Ezel) as well as the populated by the Estonians townships of Valk county were all included into the composition of the neighboring Governorate of Estonia. However the new border between the Governments of Estonia and Livland was never properly demarcated.

Languages

• By the Imperial census of 1897.^[4] In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language.

List of governors

See also

• Administrative divisions of Russia in 1713-1714
• Baltic governorates
• Courland Governorate
• Estonia Governorate
• Livonian Confederation

References and notes