Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Mackinlayoideae
Genus: Centella
Species: C. asiatica
Binomial name
Centella asiatica
(L.) Urban
Synonyms[1]

Hydrocotyle asiatica L.
Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour.

Centella asiatica, commonly known as centella, Asiatic pennywort or Indian pennywort or Gotu kola, is a herbaceous, frost-tender perennial plant in the flowering plant family Apiaceae, subfamily Mackinlayoideae. It is native to wetlands in Asia.[2][3] It is used as a culinary vegetable and as medicinal herb.

Description

Centella asiatica in Karnataka, India

Centella grows in tropical swampy areas.[4] The stems are slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish-green in color, connecting plants to each other. It has long-stalked, green, rounded apices which have smooth texture with palmately netted veins. The leaves are borne on pericladial petioles, around 2 cm (0.79 in). The rootstock consists of rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are creamish in color and covered with root hairs.[5]

The flowers are white or pinkish to red in color, born in small, rounded bunches (umbels) near the surface of the soil. Each flower is partly enclosed in two green bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are minute in size, less than 3 mm (0.12 in), with five to six corolla lobes per flower. Each flower bears five stamens and two styles. The fruit are densely reticulate, distinguishing it from species of Hydrocotyle which have smooth, ribbed or warty fruit.[3] The crop matures in three months, and the whole plant, including the roots, is harvested manually.

Habitat

Centella asiatica is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and wetland regions of the Southeastern US.[6][7] Because the plant is aquatic, it is especially sensitive to biological and chemical pollutants in the water, which may be absorbed into the plant. It can be cultivated in drier soils as long as they are watered regularly enough (such as in a home garden arrangement).

Culinary use

Bai bua bok served as a refreshing drink in Thailand

In Myanmar cuisine, raw pennywort is used as the main constituent in a salad made also with onions, crushed peanuts, bean powder and seasoned with lime juice and fish sauce.

Centella is used as a leafy green in Sri Lankan cuisine, being the most predominant of all locally available leafy greens, where it is called gotu kola (ගොටු කොළ). The adjective gotu in Sinhalese, is translated as "an inverted conical shape" (like the shape of a colander) and kola as "leaf". It is most often prepared as malluma (මැල්ලුම), a traditional accompaniment to rice and curry, and goes especially well with vegetarian dishes, such as dhal, and jackfruit or pumpkin curry. It is considered quite nutritious and is often the very first leafy green a weaning toddler is introduced to. In addition to finely chopped gotu kola plants, the gotu kola malluma almost always contains grated coconut, diced shallots, lime (or lemon) juice, and sea salt, and may also contain finely chopped green chilis, chili powder, turmeric powder, chopped carrots as additional ingredients. The Centella fruit-bearing structures are discarded from the gotu kola malluma due to their intense bitter taste. A variation of the nutritious porridge known as kola kenda is also made with gotu kola by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka. Gotu kola kenda is made with well-boiled red rice with some extra liquid, coconut milk first extract, and gotu kola purée. The porridge is accompanied with jaggery for sweetness. Centella leaves are also used in modern sweet "pennywort" drinks and herbal teas. In addition the leaves are served stir-fried whole in coconut oil, or cooked in coconut milk with garlic or dhal.

In Indonesia, the leaves are used for sambai oi peuga-ga, an Aceh type of salad, and is also mixed into asinan in Bogor.

In Vietnam and Thailand, this leaf is used for preparing a drink or can be eaten in raw form in salads or cold rolls. In Bangkok, vendors in the famous Chatuchak Weekend Market sell it alongside coconut, roselle, chrysanthemum, orange and other health drinks.

In Malay cuisine the leaves of this plant are used for ulam, a type of Malay salad.[8]

It is one of the constituents of the Indian summer drink thandaayyee.

In Bangladeshi cuisine mashed centella is eaten with rice.

Centella is widely used in various Indian Regional cuisines. It is known as vallarai in Tamil. It is an important component of unave marunthu concept which translates to food is medicine. Vallarai Kootu is a dish made out of centella and Dal. Vallarai thuvaiyal/thugaiyal, poriyal, spice podi (to be mixed with rice and ghee) and chutney are all various applications of centella in home cooking.

Traditional medicine

In traditional medicine, C. asiatica has been used in an attempt to treat varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis, minor wounds,[9] strangury, and to encourage lactation.[10]

Potential as phytoremediation tool

In the context of phytoremediation, C. asiatica is a potential phytoextraction tool owing to its ability to take up and translocate metals from root to shoot when grown in heavy-metal-contaminated soil.[11]

Chemistry

The triterpene compounds of Centella asiatica

Centella has large amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids including asiaticoside, brahmoside, asiatic acid, and brahmic acid (madecassic acid). Other constituents include centellose, centelloside, and madecassoside.[12][13][14]

Compound R′ R″
Asiatic acid H OH
Brahmic acid OH OH
Asiaticoside H O-glucose-glucose-rhamnose
Madecassoside OH O-glucose-glucose-rhamnose

Other names

In South Asia, other common names of centella include ଥାଲକୂଡ଼ି (Thalkudi) in Odia;[15] సరస్వతి ఆకు (sarswathi aku) in Telugu; കുടവൻ (kudavan), മുത്തിൾ (muththil), or കുടങ്ങൽ (kudangal) in Malayalam; থানকুনি (thankuni) in Bengali; ගොටුකොල (gotu kola - which means cone shaped (gotu) leaf (kola)) or සරස්වතී (sarasvatī - which means Goddess of knowledge, music, arts, wisdom and learning) in Sinhala; ब्राम्ही / ब्राह्मी (brahmi) in Marathi; एक्पानि("ekpaani") meaning "one leaf" in Konkani; ಒಂದೆಲಗ (ondelaga) in Kannada; வல்லாரை (vallaarai) in Tamil; မြင်းခွာ (myin-khwar) in Burmese; ब्रह्मी बूटी (brahmi booti')' in Hindi; perook in Meitei; lambak in Mizo; মানিমুনি (manimuni) in Assamese; timare in Tulu; tangkuanteh in Paite; ब्रह्मबुटि (brahmabuti) or घोडताप्रे (ghod-tapre) in Nepali; and खोलचा घायँ (kholcha ghyan) in Newari (Nepal Bhasa), and Kuakclei in Rongmei, Kongreihan in Tangkhul language, Raivuh in Poumai language, Ashebaghiye in Sumi language.

In India, particularly, it is popularly known by a variety of names: bengsag, brahma manduki, brahmanduki, brahmi, ondelaga or ekpanni (south India, west India), sarswathi aku (Andhra Pradesh), gotu kola, khulakhudi, mandukparni, mandookaparni, or thankuni (Bengal), depending on region. Bacopa monnieri is the more widely known Brahmi; both have some common therapeutic properties in Vedic texts and are used for improving memory. C. asiatica is called brahmi particularly in north India,[16][17] although that may be a case of mistaken identity introduced during the 16th century, when brahmi was confused with mandukaparni, a name for C. asiatica.[18] [19] Probably the earliest study of mandookaparni as medya rasayana (improving the mental ability) was carried out at the Dr. A. Lakshmipathy Research Centre (now under CCRAS).[20]

In Southeast Asia, it is known as ស្លឹកត្រចៀកក្រាញ់ (sleuk tracheakkranh) in Khmer; မြင်းခွာပင်(မြင်းခွာရွက်) (mying khwar which means "Horse Hoof leaf" ) in Burmese; บัวบก (bua bok; "land lily") in Thai; ຜັກໜອກ (phak nork) in Lao; rau má in Vietnamese; pegagan or antanan in Indonesian; takip-kohol (literally "snail lid")[21] or yahong yahong ("little bowl") in Filipino; and penggaga, pegagan or pegaga in Malay.

In East Asia, it is known as 雷公根 (lei gong gen; literally "thunder god's root") or 崩大碗 (bang dai wun; literally "chipped big bowl") in Chinese; and 병풀 (byeong-pul, 甁—, literally "bottle/jar grass") in Korean.

References

  1. ↑ "Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all.". Indian J Pharm Sci: 546–56. September 2010.
  2. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture. "Plant Profile for Centella asiatica". Retrieved 15 July 2012 (Use Native Status Link on Page). Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  3. 1 2 Floridata. "Centella asiatica". Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  4. ↑ Meschino Health. "Comprehensive Guide to Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)". Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  5. ↑ "Leaf Extract Treatment During the Growth Spurt Period Enhances Hippocampal CA3 Neuronal Dendritic Arborization in Rats". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med: 349–57. September 2006.
  6. ↑ "Centella asiatica". Alabama Plant Atlas. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  7. ↑ "Centella asiatica". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  8. ↑ "Nasi ulam". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  9. ↑ "Gotu Kola". University of Maryland Medical Center.
  10. ↑ Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 25. ISBN 9745240893.
  11. ↑ Abd Manan F, Chai TT, Abd Samad A, Mamat DD (2015) Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of two medicinal plants. Sains Malaysiana 44(4): 503–509 .
  12. ↑ Singh B. and Rastogi, R. P. 1969. A reinvestigation of the triterpenes of Centella Asiatica. Phytochemistry 8: 917-921.
  13. ↑ Singh, B. and Rastogi, R.P. 1968. Chemical examination of Centalla Asiatica Linn - III. Constitution of brahmic acid. Phytochemistry 7: 1385-1393. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85642-3
  14. ↑ Murray, edited by Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., Michael T. (2012). Textbook of natural medicine (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 650. ISBN 9781437723335.
  15. ↑ "http://www.ekamravan.in/medicinal_detail.htm". External link in |title= (help)
  16. ↑ Daniel, M. (2005). Medicinal plants: chemistry and properties. Science Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-57808-395-4.
  17. ↑ "In north India, however, brāhmī is commonly identified as Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban, which in Malayalam is known as muttil. It seems that this identification of brāhmī as C. asiatica has been in use for long in northern India, as Hēmādri's 'Commentary on Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayaṃ (Āyuṛvēdarasāyanaṃ) treats maṇḍūkapaṛṇī (C. asiatica) as a synonym of brahmi." Warrier, P K; V P K Nambiar; C Ramankutty; R Vasudevan Nair; Arya Vaidya Sala (1996). Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species, Volume 1. Orient Blackswan. p. 238. ISBN 978-81-250-0301-4.
  18. ↑ Khare, C. P. (2003). Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-540-01026-5.
  19. ↑ "Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica)". National R & D Centre for Rasayana. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  20. ↑ Appa Rao MVR, Srinivas K, Koteshwar Rao T. "The effect of Mandookaparni (Centella asiatica) on the general mental ability (medhya) of mentally retarded children". J. Res Indian Med. 1973;8:9–16.
  21. ↑ "Takip-kohol / Centella asiatica / Pennyworth: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine". Stuartxchange.org. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
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