Google China

Coordinates: 39°59′34″N 116°19′24″E / 39.99278°N 116.32333°E / 39.99278; 116.32333

Google Information Technology (China) Co., Ltd.
Type of site
 Privately held company
Founded 2005
Headquarters Beijing, China
Area served China
Founder(s) Google
Industry Internet, computer software
Parent Google Ireland Holdings
Website www.google.cn
Alexa rank Negative increase64 (JULY 2016)[1]
Google China
Chinese 谷歌

Google China is a subsidiary of Google. Google China ranked as the number 3 search engine in the People's Republic of China, after Baidu and Soso.com. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, were moved from mainland China to Hong Kong.

By November 2013 its search market share had declined to 1.7% from its August 2009 level of 36.2%.[2][3]

In the Republic of China, a separate search engine for Taiwanese users, Google Taiwan is also used in Taiwan and the other islands.

History

2005–2009

Google China was founded in 2006 and was originally headed by Kai-Fu Lee, a former Microsoft executive and the founder in 1998 of Microsoft Research Asia.[4] Microsoft sued Google and Kai-Fu Lee for the move, but reached a confidential settlement.[5] Google's Beijing office was initially located at NCI Tower.

In 2005 a Chinese-language interface was developed for the google.com website. In January 2006 Google launched its China-based google.cn search page, with results subject to censorship by the Chinese government.[6]

The Beijing office was moved to Tsinghua Science Park in early 2006. Since September 2006 the office has been a ten-floor building in Tsinghua Science Park, near the east gate of Tsinghua University.

In March 2009 China blocked access to Google's YouTube site due to footage showing Chinese security forces beating Tibetans;[7] access to other Google online services is denied to users arbitrarily.

On September 4, 2009, after four years leading Google China, Kai-Fu Lee unexpectedly left to start a venture fund, amid debate about the Chinese government's censorship policies and Google's decreasing share to rival Baidu and Soso.com.[4]

Ending of self-censorship

In January 2010 Google announced that, in response to a Chinese-originated hacking attack on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the country completely if necessary.[8] At the same time, Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk in Hong Kong, which returned results without censorship.[9][10][11] Hong Kong is vested with independent judicial power[12] and not subject to most Chinese laws,[13] including those requiring the restriction of free flow of information and censorship of Internet traffic. David Drummond, senior vice president of Google, stated in the official Google blog that the circumstances surrounding censorship of the Internet in China led Google to move its search to Hong Kong, the absence of censorship making it more effective for networking and sharing information with Internet users in mainland China.[11]

On March 30, 2010, searching via all Google search sites in all languages was banned in mainland China; any attempt to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Initial reports suggested that the error was caused by a banned string (RFA, as in "Radio Free Asia") being automatically added to Google search queries upstream of user queries, with prominent China journalists disagreeing over whether the blockage was an intentional and high-level attempt to censor search results. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffected.[14] Xiao Qiang, director of the China Internet Project at UC Berkeley and founder of the China Digital Times, noted that the ban in mainland China could eventually block all access to Google sites and applications if the Chinese government wanted.[14] The ban was lifted the next day.[15]

On June 30, 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google China to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avoid their Internet Content Provider (ICP) license being revoked.[16]

The fact that Google had ended some of its services in China, and the reasons for it, were censored in China.[17]

In 2013 Google stopped displaying warning messages that had shown up for mainland Chinese users who were attempting to search for politically sensitive phrases.[18]

Google's Internet mail service, Gmail, and Chrome and Google-based search inquiries have not been available to mainland China users since 2014. Google has maintained that it would continue with the research and development offices in China along with the sales offices for other Google products such as Android smartphone software.[19]

Business

Google China headquarters in Tsinghua University Science Park in Beijing

Google China serves a market of mainland Chinese Internet users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million,[20] up from 45.8 million in June 2002.[21] A China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) report published a year and a half earlier, on January 17, 2001, had estimated the mainland Chinese Internet user base at 22.5 million, considerably higher than the number published by Iamasia, a private Internet ratings company.[22] The first CNNIC report, published on October 10, 1997, estimated the number of Chinese Internet users at fewer than 650 thousand people.

The competitors of Google China include Sogou and Baidu, often called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google.[23][24] In August 2008, Google China launched a legal music download service, Google Music, to rival Baidu's potentially illicit offering.[25]

Google China local product—Google MUSIC's conference

In 2010, Google China had a market share in China of 29% according to Analysys International.[26] By October 2012, that number was down to 5%.[27] It further declined to 1.7% in 2013.

Controversies

Before Google China's establishment, Google.com itself was accessible, even though much of its content was not accessible because of censorship. According to official statistics, google.com was accessible 90% of the time, and a number of services were not available at all.[28]

Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in China, Google China had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Golden Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC government, google.cn displayed at the bottom of the page (translated): In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search result is not shown. Some searches, such as (as of June 2009) "Tank Man" were blocked entirely, with only the message, "Search results may not comply with the relevant laws, regulations and policy, and cannot be displayed" appearing.

Google argued that it could play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market. "While removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission," a statement said.[29]

A US PBS analysis reported clear differences between results returned for controversial keywords by the censored and uncensored search engines.[30] Google set up computer systems inside China that try to access Web sites outside the country. If a site is inaccessible (e.g., because of the Golden Shield Project), then it was added to Google China's blacklist.[31]

In June 2006 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was quoted as saying that virtually all of Google's customers in China were using the non-censored version of their website.[32]

Google critics in the United States claimed that Google China is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't be evil".[33]

On April 9, 2007, Google China spokesman Cui Jin admitted that the pinyin Google Input Method Editor (IME) "was built leveraging some non-Google database resources". This was in response to a request on April 6 from the Chinese search engine company Sohu that Google stop distributing its pinyin IME software because it allegedly copied portions from Sohu's own software.[34]

In early 2008 Guo Quan, a university professor who had been dismissed after having founded a democratic opposition party, announced plans to sue Yahoo! and Google in the United States for having blocked his name from search results in mainland China.[35]

Operation Aurora

On January 12, 2010, Google announced that it was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists including thousands of activists involved with the Human Rights Defender, Falun Gong, and hundreds of overseas activists in fields such as encryption, intellectual property and democracy. The company learned that the hackers had breached two Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts.[36] The company's investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted, including Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical. Experts claim the aim of the attacks was to gain information on weapon systems, political dissidents, and valuable source code that powers software applications.[37] Additionally, dozens of Gmail accounts in China, Europe, and the United States had been regularly accessed by third parties, by way of phishing or malware on the users' computers rather than a security breach at Google. Although Google did not explicitly accuse the Chinese government of the breach, it said it was no longer willing to censor results on google.cn, and that it would discuss over the next few weeks "the basis on which we could run an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China".[38][39] Google.cn transiently turned off its search result filtering. However, the filtering was later re-enabled without any acknowledgment or explanation; search queries in Chinese on the keywords Tiananmen or June 4, 1989, returned censored results with the standard censorship footnote.[40]

On January 13, 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress planned to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.[41] In a major speech by the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, analogies were drawn between the Berlin Wall and the free and unfree Internet.[42] Chinese articles came back saying that the United States uses the internet as a means to create worldwide hegemony based on western values.[43] The issue of Google's changed policy toward China has been cited as a potentially major development in world affairs, marking a split between authoritarian socialism and the Western model of free capitalism and Internet access.[44]

The Chinese government since made numerous standard and general statements on the matter, but took no real action. It also criticized Google for failing to provide any evidence of its accusation.[45] Accusations were made by Baidu, a competing Chinese search engine, that Google was pulling out for financial rather than other reasons. Baidu is the market leader in China with about 60% of the market compared to Google's 31%, Yahoo placing third with less than 10%.[46] The Chinese People's Daily newspaper published a scathing op-ed on Google which criticized western leaders for politicizing the way in which China controls citizens' access to the Internet, saying "implementing monitoring according to a country's national context is what any government has to do", and that China's need to censor the internet is greater than that of developed countries, "The Chinese society has generally less information bearing capacity than developed countries such as the U.S. ..."[47]

In media

According to Joseph Cheng, a professor of political science from City University of Hong Kong, the ruling Chinese Communist Party was deploying Chinese nationalism to stifle debate about censorship.[48] By criticizing cultural export (in this case, the localization of Google in China), it provides defense to justify the Chinese authorities' censorship control.[48]

The Chinese authorities are accused of steering state-run media to bundle Google together with other recent disputes with United States that have stirred nationalist rancour in China. On the website of the Global Times (www.huanqiu.com) such examples are found, one user wrote "Get the hell out" while another one wrote "Ha ha, I'm going to buy firecrackers to celebrate!"[48]

Isaac Mao, a prominent Chinese internet expert, speculated that 90% of Internet users in China do not care whether Google leaves or not. Among Chinese users who strongly support Google remaining in China without censorship (or leaving China to keep its neutrality and independence), many are accustomed to using circumvention technology to access blocked websites.[49]

Censorship

The Chinese government is widely known for their long, tight control over Internet access in mainland China, regulating what its citizens can read, see and publish on the web.[50] The Chinese authorities employed more than 2 million people in 2013 to monitor web activity on blogs and social media sites like the widely popular social media site Weibo, and to block access to topics they deem to be sensitive.[51]

Subsequent events

Since May 27, 2014, Google's various services have been suspected of having been subject to malicious interference from the Great Firewall of China, as a result of which users became unable to access them. Since then users from mainland China found that Google's various sub-sites and other services (Google Play, Gmail, Google Docs, etc.) could not be accessed or used normally, including login to Google Account. Although some services like Google map and Google translate remained functional, users from certain places still failed to visit them. On the evening of July 10, 2014, users became able use Google's services and functions, but users reported that access was denied the next day.

Blockage of Google

In November 2012, GreatFire.Org reported that China had blocked access to Google. The group reported that all Google domains, including Google search, Gmail, and Google Maps, became inaccessible. The reason for the blockage was likely to control the content in the nation's Internet while the government prepared to change leadership.[52] As the 25th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre approached, Chinese authorities blocked more websites and search engines. GreatFire said that the block was far-reaching, and that Google simply wasn't working. "The block is indiscriminate as all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and almost all other products. In addition, the block covers Google Hong Kong, google.com, and all other country specific versions, e.g., Google France. It is the tightest censorship ever deployed." The company began to redirect search results from mainland China to its Hong Kong website, which led the Chinese authorities to block the Hong Kong site by making users wait 90 seconds for banned results. The Chinese government not only blocked Google, but other websites, such as Wikipedia, The Wall Street Journal, YouTube.com, LinkedIn, and Facebook, are also accessible , albeit at slower speeds and less reliable connectivity.

Keyword censorship

Google added a new software feature to warn users when they type in a word censored or blocked in China. Google began to offer suggestions about possible sensitive or banned keywords in China.[53] China maintains tight control over the Internet, nipping in the bud any signs of dissent or challenges to the ruling Communist Party's leadership.[54] For example, searching the Chinese character "jiang" — which means "river", but is also a common surname — was blocked after erroneous rumors about the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.[55]

Google vs. China

Google has had a rocky relationship with the Chinese authorities since January 2010, when the company said it might shut down Chinese operations due to a "sophisticated and targeted" cyber attack. Google said at the time that it was no longer willing to censor its Chinese search engine. The forced blockage of Google's service and Google's subsequent threat to pull out highlight concerns of cyberspace security within China. While Jiang Yu, a spokesperson of the China's Foreign Ministry, promoted the Chinese government's "development of the internet", Wang Chen of China's State Council Information Office defended online censorship: "Maintaining the safe operation of the Internet and the secure flow of information is a fundamental requirement for guaranteeing state security and people's fundamental interests, promoting economic development and cultural prosperity and maintaining a harmonious and stable society."[56] In 2014, in response to a series of terrorist attacks, China made all Google services almost unusable by tightening its Internet censorship, often called the "Great Firewall of China". In 2009, one-third of all searches in China were on Google. As of 2013 the US company has only 1.7% market share.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Google.cn Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  2. 1 2 Microsoft blocks censorship of Skype in China: advocacy group. NBC News.com. Retrieved on November 29, 2013.
  3. ↑ "StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". StatCounter.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  4. 1 2 Donnelly, Laura (September 5, 2009). "China Google boss departure reignites debate over censorship". London: Telegraph. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  5. ↑ CNET News.com: Microsoft settles with Google over executive hire (December 22, 2005)
  6. ↑ O'Rourke, James (2007). "Google in China: Government Censorship and Corporate Reputation". The Journal of Business Strategy. 28 (3). doi:10.1108/02756660710746229.
  7. ↑ Branigan, Tania (March 25, 2009). "China blocks YouTube". London: The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  8. ↑ Worthen, Ben (February 26, 2010). "Researcher Says Up to 100 Victims in Google Attack". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  9. ↑ "BBC News - China condemns decision by Google to lift censorship". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  10. ↑ Final sentence of the article reads "Google宣佈停止在中國提供過濾搜尋，並把搜尋引擎移到香港" (Google announced that searches in Google China will not be subject to censorship, and re-direct the entire search engine to Google Hong Kong.) "向極權說不 Google棄北京投香港". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Hong Kong: NEXTmedia. March 24, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  11. 1 2 Drummond, David (March 22, 2010). "A new approach to China: an update". The Official Google Blog. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  12. ↑ Hong Kong Basic Law, Chapter II Article 19
  13. ↑ Hong Kong Basic Law, Chapter II Article 18
  14. 1 2 Pierson, David (March 31, 2010). "Google searches appear to be blocked in China". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Web search, Images and News 3/30/10 availability". Google. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Google stops Hong Kong auto-redirect as China plays hardball". ArsTechnica.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  17. ↑ Rebecca MacKinnon (January 31, 2012). Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom. Basic Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-465-02442-1. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  18. ↑ Josh Halliday (January 7, 2013). "Google's dropped anti-censorship warning marks quiet defeat in China". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Google reroutes China search, Beijing fumes". IBNLive.com. p. 1. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  20. ↑ Reuters, "China govt centre says 162 mln Internet users", Reuters, July 19, 2007.
  21. ↑ Ministry of Culture, People's Republic of China, "How Many Internet Users Are There in China?", ChinaCulture.org, September 24, 2003.
  22. ↑ China Internet Information Center (CNNIC), "How Many Internet Users Are There in China?". China Internet Information Center (china.org.cn), February 8, 2001.
  23. ↑ Tom Krazit. "Baidu CEO touts growth of China's search engine". Retrieved March 24, 2010. Li ended a trip to the U.S. Wednesday at Stanford University, speaking to a crowd of several hundred students about the lessons he learned shepherding Baidu through the first dot-com bust and growing it into the Google of China.
  24. ↑ "GOOG v. BIDU: Is Baidu No Longer the ‘Google of China’?". Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Google offers free music downloads in China", The Guardian, Wednesday, August 6, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Lee quits as president of Google China". News.xinhuanet.com. September 5, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  27. ↑ Qudong, Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ Official Google Blog: Google in China, January 27, 2006.
  29. ↑ BBC News "Google censors itself for China." January 25, 2006
  30. ↑ FRONTLINE. "Controlling Information - You Can't Get There From Here -- Filtering Searches - The Tank Man - FRONTLINE - PBS". PBS.org. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  31. ↑ "Google's China Problem (and China's Google Problem)", New York Times, April 23, 2006.
  32. ↑ Bridis, Ted (June 6, 2006). "Google compromised its principles in China, founder says". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  33. ↑ Cohn, William A. (2 – Autumn/2007) Yahoo's China Defense. "The New Presence."
  34. ↑ Lemon, Sumner (April 8, 2007). "Rival Asks Google to Yank 'Copycat' Application". PC World. IDG.
  35. ↑ Times Online. "Dissident Chinese professor to sue Yahoo! and Google for erasing his name", February 6, 2008
  36. ↑ "CNBC Video: Interview With Google's Chief Legal Officer". The New York Times. January 13, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  37. ↑ "Google China cyberattack part of vast espionage campaign, experts say". The Washington Post. January 14, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  38. ↑ "Official Google Blog: A new approach to China". Google. January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Google 'may end China operations over Gmail breaches'". BBC. January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  40. ↑ "六四 - Google 搜索". Google.cn. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Congress to Investigate Google Charges Of Chinese Internet Spying". AHN. January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  42. ↑ U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, "Remarks on Internet Freedom" Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., March 21, 2010.
  43. ↑ [Lexis Nexis Academic]
  44. ↑ "Johnny Ryan and Stefan Halper, 'Google vs China: capitalist model, virtual wall'". OpenDemocracy. January 22, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  45. ↑ "5維權網遭黑客攻擊". Mingpao Daily. January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Google 'may pull out of China after Gmail cyber attack'". BBC News. January 13, 2010.
  47. ↑ "Google, do not take Chinese netizens hostage". People's Daily, January 19, 2010.
  48. 1 2 3 Blanchard, Ben (March 22, 2010). "Chinese media launches new attack on Google". Reuters.
  49. ↑ "Google.cn: R.I.P or good riddance?". CNN. USA.
  50. ↑ Ritika Patni & Nihal Joseph, " WTO RAMIFICATIONS OF INTERNET CENSORSHIP: THE GOOGLE-CHINA CONTROVERSY", NUJS LAW REVIEW, January 2, 2015
  51. ↑ Cronan, Bryan (September 22, 2014). "China tightens censorship on Google". Retrieved March 17, 2017 – via Christian Science Monitor.
  52. ↑ Kan, Michael. "Google blocked in China by censors, unclear how long it will last". InfoWorld.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  53. ↑ Wines, Michael (June 1, 2012). "Google to Alert Users to Chinese Censorship". The New York Times.
  54. ↑ "Glitch Allows Brief Access To Google In China — Now Its Blocked Again". BusinessInsider.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Google turns off China censorship warning". January 7, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2017 – via www.BBC.com.
  56. ↑ 404 Not Found
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