Goniomonas

Goniomonas is a genus of Cryptomonads and contains five species.[1] It is a genus of single-celled eukaryotes, including both freshwater and marine species.[1] It lacks plastids, which is very unusual among all of the Cryptophyte genera.[1] It may reflect one of only a small number of times that the Cryptophytes evolved into freshwater habitats.[2] Goniomonas seems to have a number of freshwater relatives which have not yet been cultured and named.

Etymology

Goniomonas means angled small flagellates, combining "goni" and "monas".[3][4]

History of Discovery

It was established by German biologist Samuel Friedrich Stein in 1878.[1]

Morphology

This genus contains species that are free-swimming, flattened, biflagellate monads. They are oval in lateral view with an obliquely truncate anterior.[1] A furrow extends along the middle of the anterior margin and for a short distance down the ventral margin and is surrounded by a single lateral row of ejectisomes.[1] They lack chloroplasts, pyrenoids, nucleomorphs and starch.[1] Further ResearchThey have periplast with longitudinal striations visible in all species.[1] And, Goniomonas is the only Cryptomonad so far examined that does not possess a plastidial complex, and is therefore considered primitive among Cryptophytes. Other Cryptophytes have bipartite tubular flagellar hairs, whereas Goniomonas has solid spike-like flagellar projections. The furrow-gullet system of Goniomonas is located on the anterior of the cell rather than the usual ventral location.[1]

Reproduction

Cyst production is not known in this genus.[1]

Ecology

The genus is well known in freshwater habitats with a cosmopolitan distribution, but is rarely abundant.[5] It is also present in marine waters.[6] The temperatures and specific depths suitable for the species are not recorded.

Genetics

Only one freshwater and two marine species have been extensively described so far.[7] Marine species are G. pacifica and G. amphinema, while G. truncata is a freshwater species.[2] Although the two marine species are morphologically quite distinct from each other, it was unclear until recently whether one of them, G. pacifica, is really separate from the freshwater G. truncata because their morphology and size are similar. Results reveal remarkable genetic diversity within all three nominal species and confirm that G. pacifica is genetically very distinct from G. truncata. [2] Scientists suggest that if further studied, Goniomonads might turn out to have as many ‘species’ as Cryptophytes.[1] They reproduce by asexual reproduction as current research concludes.[1] Further studies can focus on whether Goniomonads are sexual. And, it is still to determine whether the biological species concept can be applied to them.[2]

List of Species

The following is a list of species.[1]

Goniomonas amphinema Larsen & Patterson, 1990

Goniomonas avonlea Kim & Archibald, 2012

Goniomonas elongata Maskell, 1888

Goniomonas pacifica Larsen & Patterson, 1990

Goniomonas truncata (Fresenius) Stein, 1878

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Genus Detail :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Heyden, Sophie von der; Chao, Ema; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004-11-01). "Genetic diversity of goniomonads: an ancient divergence between marine and freshwater species". European Journal of Phycology. 39 (4): 343–350. ISSN 0967-0262. doi:10.1080/09670260400005567.
  3. ↑ "Medical Definition of GONI-". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  4. ↑ "Medical Definition of MONAS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  5. ↑ Martin-Cereceda, Mercedes; Roberts, Emily C.; Wootton, Emma C.; Bonaccorso, Elisa; Dyal, Patricia; Guinea, Almudena; Rogers, Dale; Wright, Chris J.; Novarino, Gianfranco (2010-03-01). "Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Small Subunit rDNA Phylogeny of the Marine Heterotrophic Flagellate Goniomonas aff. amphinema". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 57 (2): 159–170. ISSN 1550-7408. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00449.x.
  6. ↑ Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Bråte, Jon; Logares, Ramiro; Klaveness, Dag; Berney, Cédric; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. (2008-10-01). "Diversification of unicellular eukaryotes: cryptomonad colonizations of marine and fresh waters inferred from revised 18S rRNA phylogeny". Environmental Microbiology. 10 (10): 2635–2644. ISSN 1462-2920. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01685.x.
  7. ↑ Kim, Eunsoo; Archibald, John M. (2013-03-01). "Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of the Cryptomonad Goniomonas avonlea sp. nov.". Protist. 164 (2): 160–182. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.10.002.
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