Goldfield, Nevada

Goldfield, Nevada
Census-designated place
Esmeralda County Courthouse in Goldfield
Goldfield Goldfield is located in the Tonopah Basin of Nevada.
Coordinates: 37°42′31″N 117°14′08″W / 37.70861°N 117.23556°W / 37.70861; -117.23556Coordinates: 37°42′31″N 117°14′08″W / 37.70861°N 117.23556°W / 37.70861; -117.23556
Country	United States
State	Nevada
County	Esmeralda
Established	1902
Area
• Total	1.48 sq mi (3.84 km2)
• Land	1.48 sq mi (3.84 km2)
• Water	0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation	5,690 ft (1,730 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	268
• Density	181/sq mi (69.9/km2)
Time zone	Pacific (PST) (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP code	89013
FIPS code	32-28900
GNIS feature ID	854468

A commemorative marker for the boxing championship match between Gans and Nelson

The old Florence Hill Mines above Goldfield

Goldfield is an unincorporated community and the county seat of Esmeralda County, Nevada, United States. It is a census-designated place (CDP), with a resident population of 268 at the 2010 census,^[1] down from 440 at the 2000 census. It is located 247 miles (398 km) southeast of Carson City, along U.S. Route 95.

Goldfield was a boomtown in the first decade of the 20th century due to the discovery of gold — between 1903 and 1940, Goldfield's mines produced more than $86 million. Much of the town was destroyed by a fire in 1923, although several buildings survived and remain today, notably the Goldfield Hotel, the Consolidated Mines Building (the communications center of the town until 1963), and the schoolhouse. Gold exploration continues in and around the town today.

History

Interior view of mine and miners in the Mohawk Mine, Goldfield, circa 1900–1905

Gold was discovered at Goldfield in 1902, its year of inception. By 1904, the Goldfield district produced about 800 tons of ore, valued at $2,300,000, 30% of the state's production that year. This remarkable production caused Goldfield to grow rapidly, and it soon became the largest town in the state with about 20,000 people.^[2]

One prominent, or notorious, early Goldfield resident was George Graham Rice, a former check forger, newspaperman, and racetrack tipster, turned mining stock promoter. The collapse of his Sullivan Trust Company and its associated mining stocks caused the failure of the Goldfield State Bank in 1907. Rice quickly left Goldfield, but continued to promote mining shares for another quarter-century.^[3][4]

Another prominent resident from 1906 was George Wingfield, one of Nevada's entrepreneurs, who built the Goldfield Hotel. In collaboration with his partner George S. Nixon (who was to become a US senator in 1904), Wingfield started in Belmont, Nevada in 1901, and saw the potential of Goldfield after mining at Tonopah, 27 miles (43 km) north, took off. George S. Nixon and Wingfield made huge fortunes in Goldfield by forming the Goldfield Consolidated Mining Company. By 1906, they were worth $30 million.^[5]

Wingfield moved to Reno soon after realizing his great wealth could be spread across northern Nevada and northern California.

Between 1903 and 1918, mining in the two towns grew from $2.8 million to $48.6 million.^[6]

Wyatt and Virgil Earp came to Goldfield in 1904. Virgil was hired as a Goldfield deputy sheriff in January 1905. In April, he contracted pneumonia and, after six months of illness, he died on October 18, 1905. Wyatt Earp left Goldfield shortly afterward.^[7]

Goldfield reached a peak population around 20,000 people in 1906 and hosted a lightweight boxing championship match between Joe Gans and Oscar "Battling" Nelson.^[6]

In addition to the mines, Goldfield was home to large reduction works. The gold output in 1907 was over $8.4 million, the year in which the town became the county seat; in 1908, output was about $4,880,000.

By the 1910 census, its population had declined to 4,838. Part of the problem was the increasing cost of pumping brine out of the diggings, making them uneconomic. By 1912, ore production had dropped to $5 million, and the largest mining company left town in 1919. In 1923, a fire caused by a moonshine still explosion destroyed most of the town's flammable buildings. Some brick and stone buildings from before the fire remain, including the hotel and the high school.

Labor relations during the boom years

Soon after mining on an extensive scale began, the miners organized themselves as a local branch of the Western Federation of Miners, and in this branch were included many laborers in Goldfield other than miners. Between this branch and the mine owners, serious differences arose, and several strikes occurred in December 1906 and January 1907 for higher wages. In March and April 1907, because the owners refused to discharge carpenters who were members of the American Federation of Labor, but did not belong to the Western Federation of Miners or to the Industrial Workers of the World affiliated with it, this last organization was, as a result of the strike, forced out of Goldfield, despite at one point counting the 1,500 miners as well as hundreds of white-collar and service workers as members.^[8] This defeat came after a bitter struggle which saw IWW organizer Vincent St. John first imprisoned and charged with conspiracy, then shot in the street by a gunman on November 5 along with two other IWW members.^[9]

Beginning in August 1907, a rule was introduced at some of the mines requiring miners to change their clothing before entering and after leaving the mines — a rule made necessary, according to the operators, by the wholesale stealing (in miners' parlance, "high-grading") of the very valuable ore (some of it valued at as high as $20 a pound). In November and December 1907, some of the owners adopted a system of paying in cashier's checks. Except for occasional attacks upon nonunion workmen, or upon persons supposed not to be in sympathy with the miners' union, no serious disturbance in Goldfield occurred, but in December 1907, Governor Sparks, at the insistence of the mine owners, appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to send federal troops to Goldfield, on the grounds that the situation there was ominous, that destruction of life and property seemed probable, and that the state had no militia and would be powerless to maintain order.

President Roosevelt on December 4, 1907 ordered General Frederick Funston, commanding the Division of California, at San Francisco, to proceed with 300 federal troops to Goldfield. The troops arrived in Goldfield on December 6, and immediately afterwards, the mine owners reduced wages and announced that no members of the Western Federation of Miners would thereafter be employed in the mines. Roosevelt, becoming convinced that conditions had not warranted Sparks's appeal for assistance, but that the immediate withdrawal of the troops might lead to serious disorder, consented that they should remain for a short time on condition that the state should immediately organize an adequate militia or police force. Accordingly, a special meeting of the legislature was immediately called, a state police force was organized, and on March 7, 1908, the troops were withdrawn. Thereafter, work was gradually resumed in the mines, the contest having been won by the mine owners.

Climate

Goldfield's climate is arid (Köppen climate classification BWk), bordering on semiarid.

An average of 35.9 afternoons with maximum temperatures of 90 °F or 32.2 °C or higher and 146.1 mornings with minimum temperatures of 32 °F or 0 °C occur. The record high temperature was 108 °F or 42.2 °C on July 20, 1906, and June 9, 1935. The record low temperature was −23 °F or −30.6 °C on January 21, 1937, although on average only 1.5 mornings fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C and only 10.6 afternoons fail to top freezing.

The long-term average precipitation in Goldfield is 6.06 inches or 153.9 millimetres. An average of 29 days have measurable precipitation. The wettest calendar year was 1978 with 13.19 inches (335.0 mm) and the driest 1934 with 1.47 inches (37.3 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 6.07 inches (154.2 mm) in August 1931, and the most in 24 hours was 2.43 inches (61.7 mm) on June 19, 1918.

Average snowfall is 17.8 inches or 0.45 metres. The most snowfall in one year was 52.5 inches or 1.33 metres in 1969, including the record monthly snowfall of 42.0 inches or 1.07 metres in February 1969.^[10]

Demographics

The rundown Goldfield High School building in October 2009

The Goldfield Hotel in 2009

Main Street, Goldfield, 1904

The population decline continued throughout the 20th century and, by 1950, Goldfield had a population of only 275.

The 2000 census showed 440 people, 221 households, and 118 families resided in the Goldfield census county division. The racial makeup of the CCD was 93.2% White, 0.2% Black or African American, 2.0% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. About 5.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Present-day attractions

While the unoccupied buildings of the town remain an attraction, they are not abandoned. Each building has an owner, many with plans to renovate the property. In addition, the Goldfield Days festival is held in August each year. The festival includes parades, booths, historical displays, and a land auction.

Among the buildings located within the Goldfield Historic District are:

• The 1906–08 Goldfield High School, which survived the fire of 1923/24, is in poor condition, but the Goldfield Historical Society has received a matching grant of $296,000 from the National Park Service under the "Save America's Treasures Grant Program".^[12]
• Esmeralda County Courthouse
• The 1907–1908 Goldfield Hotel at Crook Avenue (U.S. 95) and Columbia Street has remained unoccupied since the end of World War II.

Notable residents

• Ben Alexander, actor^[13]
• Samuel Langhorne Clemens^[14]
• Doris Dawson, actress
• Virgil Earp, deputy sheriff ^[15]
• Wyatt Earp
• Jesse R. Grant, politician
• Tasker Oddie, former governor/senator
• George Wingfield, banker and miner

In film

Parts of the cult classic 1971 car chase movie, Vanishing Point, were filmed in Goldfield, and it was the site of the fictitious radio station "KOW", and the DJ "Super-Soul". Goldfield also served as the fictional town of "Glory Hole" in the 1987 film Cherry 2000, and as the fictional California town in the 1998 film Desert Blue.^[16] The 2007 fictional film Ghosts of Goldfield is set in the Goldfield Hotel.

The town was featured in two episodes of State Trooper, Rod Cameron's syndicated television series that aired from 1956 to 1959. In 1957, Vivi Janiss joined Frank Ferguson as guest stars in the roles of Mabel and Frank Cliff in the episode, "No Blaze of Glory," a story of a presumed arson case with a surprise ending set in Goldfield.^[17] Goldfield is featured too in another State Trooper episode titled "The Prettiest Dress In Goldfield", which aired on January 1, 1959. Various buildings and streets can be recognized.

See also

• Goldfield Hills
• Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad
• Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad

Notes

References

• Rinella, Heidi Knapp, Off the Beaten Path: Nevada, Guildford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2007. ISSN 1537-3304
• Thomson, David, In Nevada: The Land, The People, God, and Chance, New York: Vintage Books, 2000. ISBN 0-679-77758-X

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Goldfield". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 210. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goldfield, Nevada.

• Goldfield Chamber of Commerce
• Esmeralda County, Nevada.gov: Information on Goldfield — from official county website.

History links

• KUED.org: "The Goldfield Strike" — from KUED public broadcasting.
• Library of Congress.gov: Historic HAER/HABS photographs of Goldfield
• AllaroundNevada.com: Panoramic view of Goldfield in 1909 — with virtual-reality exploration of interior of the Goldfield Hotel.
• Archive.org: "Goldfield, Nevada: The scene of great gold discoveries" — from "The National Magazine" (Vol.XXI, October 1904−March 1905).