Golden Square Mile

Square Mile or Golden Square Mile
French: Mille Carré or Mille carré doré
Neighbourhood

Ravenscrag, built for Sir Hugh Allan in 1863
Square Mile or Golden Square Mile

Location of the Square Mile in Montreal

Coordinates: 45°30′04″N 73°34′56″W / 45.501111°N 73.582222°W / 45.501111; -73.582222Coordinates: 45°30′04″N 73°34′56″W / 45.501111°N 73.582222°W / 45.501111; -73.582222
Country Canada
Province Quebec
City Montreal
Borough Ville-Marie

The Square Mile and also known as the Golden Square Mile (officially in French: Le Mille Carré and also known as Mille carré doré) is the nostalgic name given to an urban neighbourhood developed principally between 1850 and 1930 at the foot of Mount Royal, in the west-central section of downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. During that period, those who lived there, and Montrealers alike, referred to the area as 'Uptown' or 'New Town'.[1] It was only from the 1930s that Montrealers began to refer to it as the "Square Mile". The addition of 'Golden' was coined by Montreal journalist Charlie Lazarus and has connections to more contemporary real-estate developments.

From the 1790s, the anglophone business leaders of Montreal, who included and succeeded the men of the Beaver Club, started to look beyond Old Montreal for spacious sites on which to build their country homes. They developed the farmland of the slopes of Mount Royal north of Sherbrooke Street, then nothing more than a quiet country lane. The mansions they built there came to represent a period of prosperity when Canada was at its economic peak and Montreal was its unrivalled cultural and financial capital.

The owners and operators of the overwhelming majority of Canadian rail, shipping, timber, mining, fur and banking industries consisted of a small group of about fifty men who called the Square Mile 'home'. From about 1870 to 1900, 70% of all wealth in Canada was held by this small group.[2] By 1900, the Bank of Montreal's assets and transactions were equal to any of its counterparts on the New York Stock Exchange, and those assets were twice that of the Bank's nearest Canadian competitor.[3]

The Square Mile was a neighbourhood of architectural audacity never before seen in Canada. But, by 1930, following the Great Depression, and with the dawn of the automobile and a demand for more heat-efficient houses, the younger generations of the families that had built these homes largely left and headed for Westmount.[4][5] During the Quiet Revolution, the businesses created in Montreal, on whose fortunes the Square Mile had been built, uprooted and moved to Toronto. In this period, demolition of the former grand houses reached its peak. The face of the Square Mile was changed irreversibly, catalyzing the formation of Heritage Montreal to preserve architecture in the city. Vestiges remain, but the neighbourhood's life, grandeur and elegance have long since disappeared.

By 1983, only 30% of the mansions in the northern half of the Square Mile had survived demolition; and only 5% survived south of Sherbrooke Street.[6] Those remaining, which were once framed by tree-lined streets and avenues, are today mostly owned by McGill University. These structures are found interspersed on tree-less streets, dwarfed by concrete tower blocks.

Borders

McIntyre's Cragruie, built on 10 acres off McGregor Street c.1880, demolished 1930
Herbert Molson House. Designed by architect Robert Findlay in 1912.

In principle, the neighbourhood had precise borders measuring roughly a square mile, covering the area between Boulevard René-Lévesque at the southern end; Pine Avenue at the foot of Mount Royal at the northern end; University Street at the eastern end, and Guy Street at the western end. In effect, however, the 'Square Mile' was contained within a far smaller area, between Sherbrooke Street and Pine Avenue, and Guy and University, covering scarcely nine streets on the north-south axis. From east to west: McTavish Street, Peel Street, Stanley Street, Drummond Street, Mountain Street, Ontario Avenue (now Avenue du Musée), Redpath Street, Simpson Street, and Guy Street; and three streets on the east-west axis, from south to north: Sherbrooke St. West, McGregor Street (now Doctor Penfield Avenue) and Pine Avenue.

Architecture

The architects of the Square Mile included Robert Findlay, Bruce Price, Sir Andrew Taylor, William Thomas, John Hopkins and the brothers Edward and William Maxwell. The architecture was an eclectic mix of the Neo-classical, Neo-Gothic, Romanesque, Second Empire, Queen Anne and Art Nouveau, though other styles also figured prominently — sometimes within the same home. By World War I, the trend had moved towards more simple houses, more 'British' houses, such as Herbert Molson's. Maison Cormier was one of only a few examples of Art deco.

Scottish sandstone and local granite were commonly used materials, and most homes had substantial grounds, atria and large conservatories. A great many of the Square Milers were keen horticulturalists and aside from their gardens, they enjoyed keeping hothouse flowers through the long winters. The streets of the Square Mile were lined with elm, spruce and maple trees, but an outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1970s destroyed those that had once lined Sherbrooke Street.

Montreal's mercantile community (1760-1930)

Surrender of Montreal to the British, 1760
The Montreal townhouse of David Ross on the Champ de Mars, circa 1812
Donegana's Hotel on Notre-Dame Street. Built in 1821 as a home for William and Charlotte (de Lotbinière) Bingham. As a hotel, it was the largest in the British colonies[7] until burnt in the riots of 1849
The Bank of Montreal on Place d'armes, founded in 1817 by one French and seven British merchants. It served as the national bank of Canada up until 1934

In 1862, the novelist Anthony Trollope remarked, "Government has selected Ottawa as the Capital of Canada, but commerce has already made Montreal the capital, and Montreal will be the chief city of Canada, let government do what it may to foster the other town".[8]

In the 1760s, following the British Conquest of New France, the men of the Beaver Club provided the financial backing and necessary management to take control of the French fur trade. The merchants associated with the North West Company, the Hudson's Bay Company and the agents of the East India Company, cornered the import-export market of most of British North America; as Washington Irving put it, "forming a kind of commercial aristocracy, living in lordly and hospitable style".[9] In 1794, after a "splendid" dinner given at John Forsyth's, Jacob Mountain observed that "people here are fond of good living and take care to want no luxury".[10]

In 1820, John Bigsby penned his impressions of the city:

I found, but did not expect to find, at Montreal a pleasing transcript of the best form of London life — even in the circle beneath the very first class of official families. But I may be pardoned; for I had seen in the capital of another great colony (Cape Town) considerable primitiveness of manners.. (In Montreal) at an evening party at Mr Richardson's the appointments and service were admirable; the dress, manners, and conversation of the guests, in excellent taste. Most of the persons there, though country-born, had been educated in England (Britain), and everything savoured of Kensington. There was much good music.. Some of the show-shops rival those of London in their plate-glass windows, and its inns are as remarkable for their palatial exterior as they are for their excellent accommodation within.. Montreal is a stirring and opulent town.. Few places have so advanced in all the luxuries and comforts of high civilisation as Montreal.[11]

After the Conquest, unlike earlier British immigrants who came to North America to escape religious or political persecution, those who came to Montreal tended to be from well-connected mercantile families and were there to further their fortunes, both for themselves and the Empire.[12] In 1795, Isaac Weld observed that most of these British merchants were "well acquainted with the French language", but that the French "had an unconquerable aversion to learn English", showing signs that rather than integrating, the French Canadians were retreating further into their own culture.[13] By 1829, La Minerve lamented that "Canadiens formerly engaged in business have gradually retired". The traditional Catholic education focused entirely on classics, whereas the more modern British education system also prepared its young men for business. Though not excluded from commerce as is often thought, the educated Canadiens were inclined and encouraged to pursue gentlemen's professions of the Ancien Régime; remaining on their Seigneuries or entering law, politics and the Church.[14] Many made money from investing in the companies being formed around them, but apart from a handful of men such as Masson, Quesnel and Forget, the French Canadians left 'trade' to Les Anglais: Napoleon's "nation of shopkeepers".[15]

As many of the wealthy Canadiens returned to France, Les Anglais - which for the most part meant the Scots - had increasingly free rein to purchase vast tracts of land on the cheap, build factories, and take control of the banking and finance of the new Dominion. They served in government posts at a time when few questioned the wrongs of vested interest. This led to the social divide that would become nowhere more apparent than from the slopes of the Square Mile, where the business leaders built their mansions. Their growing fortunes were linked through marriage and company mergers, and after the collapse of the fur trade in the 1850s they turned their interest to railways and shipping, bringing forth another surge of wealth their way.

Indisputably the economic masters of Canada, the residents of the Square Mile had by the latter half of the 19th century become a tightly-knit Anglophone community. With the imbalance of power, they had become thoroughly unpopular with francophone Quebecers, but their key role in the development of not just Montreal, but the whole of Canada, was undeniable. Between them, these men were responsible for opening up and connecting Canada from coast to coast, while Montreal remained the principal port through which immigrants arrived and Canada's produce was shipped to and from Britain and the Empire.

To mention only a few, the Square Milers built and funded such Montreal institutions as: McGill University; Royal Victoria Hospital; Montreal General Hospital; McCord Museum; Montreal Museum of Fine Arts; Mount Royal Park; Mount Royal Cemetery; Nelson's Column; Campbell Concerts and Parks; Notre-Dame Basilica; Ritz-Carlton Hotel; Redpath Library; Redpath Museum; Allan Memorial Institute; Macdonald Campus; Molson Stadium. Socially they created the Royal Montreal Curling Club; Montreal Hunt; Montreal Rackets Club; Montreal Snow Shoe Club; Montreal Lacrosse Club; Royal Montreal Golf Club; Montreal Victorias; Montreal AAA; Montreal Winter Carnival; Mount Royal Tennis Club and the Victoria Skating Rink.

Periods

Early estates

An all too familiar sight of a fire in Old Montreal: Hayes House burning on Dalhousie Square (1852), up until then a favourite meeting place of the early Square Milers
Montreal in 1832, showing the farmland on which the Square Mile was built
Beaver Hall, home of Joseph Frobisher. Built 1792, destroyed by fire in 1847. The Beaver Club held many dinners here
Simon McTavish's house, Mount Royal, built 1800
Piedmont (rear view), off Pine Avenue and Durocher Street. Built c.1820, best associated with the Frothingham family
Terrace Bank, Sherbrooke Street. Built 1837, for John Redpath
William Workman's house on Sherbrooke Street, Montreal. Built 1842, demolished 1952
Kildonan Hall was typical in style of the houses that once lined east Sherbrooke Street in the 1840s
Homestead, Dorchester Street. Built 1858, for Harrison Stephens
Ravenscrag, built by Sir Hugh Allan in 1863, as seen from the west
Sir Hugh Allan's drawing room at Ravenscrag

Before the 1840s, the landed, political and wealthier merchant classes of Montreal lived on their seigneuries during the summers and came to the city only for Parliament or to conduct business during the winter. In 1816, Francis Hall, then a young officer with the 14th King's Hussars, observed that Montreal's gentry "live in a splendid style, and keep expensive tables".[16] They kept townhouses on St. James Street, Notre-Dame Street and overlooking the Champ de Mars; enjoying among other entertainments the German Orchestra and Viennese dances held at the Hayes House theatre on Dalhousie Square.[17] In 1795, Isaac Weld commented that "the people of Montreal, in general, are remarkably hospitable and attentive to strangers; they are sociable also amongst themselves, and fond in the extreme of convivial amusements".[18]

But lively as it was, Old Montreal with its frequent fires and swelling population was becoming less desirable. The wealthy merchants in particular began to seek large plots of land on which to build homes worthy of their success while remaining close to their business interests; and, their eyes turned to the fertile farmland under Mount Royal. John Duncan observed in 1818 that, "a number of very splendid mansions have lately been erected on the slope of the mountain, which would be regarded as magnificent residences even by the wealthy merchants of the mother country".[19] In 1820, John Bigsby described the view from Château St. Antoine; then said to be 'the most magnificent building in the whole city' standing within 200 acres of parkland roughly at the end of Dorchester Street:

I had the pleasure of dining with (William McGillivray) at his seat, on a high terrace under the mountain, looking southwards and laid out in pleasure-grounds in the English style. The view from the drawing room windows of this large and beautiful mansion is extremely fine, too rich and fair, I foolishly thought, to be out of my native England. Close beneath you are scattered elegant country retreats embowered in plantations, succeeded by a crowd of orchards of delicious apples, spreading far to the right and left, and hedging in the glittering churches, hotels, and house-roofs of Montreal...[20]

The early residents of the Square Mile enjoyed marked benefits from being the first to settle there: The houses were surrounded by acres of parkland, with long carriage drives, vineries, orchards, fruit and vegetable gardens.[21] The surveyor Joseph Bouchette noted that the produce from these gardens in the summer months was "excellent in quality, affording a profuse supply... in as much, or even greater perfection than in many southern climes".[22] In 1822, Sir Richard Phillips commented that,

A number of handsome villas now make their appearance around the town, and there are numerous sites still unoccupied, which will probably be hereafter crowned with elegant seats. Few places in the world possess more capabilities of this kind than Quebec and Montreal; if the latter is less bold than the former in its scenery, it possesses much richness and delicate beauty, which need nothing but wealth and taste to display them to advantage; the former already exists in Montreal to a great extent, and there are also very respectable proofs of the existence and growth of the latter.[23]

List of principal structures built

1850 to 1869

Following the strikes and the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal, the new decade was "like the arrival of a Montreal spring, prosperity and stability invigorated the city in the early 1850s".[28] Sir Hugh Allan was elected President of the Montreal Board of Trade in 1851 and work on railways and steamships was evident everywhere, bringing with it a surge of construction. There were now a dozen architects practising in the city and the newly rich competed with one another for the largest, most decorative homes.[31] In 1854, William Chambers, the future Lord Provost of Edinburgh, commented on the changes taking place:

Montreal possesses an animation and hopefulness which could scarcely have been predicted from its past history or the mixed and antagonistic materials in its population.. In all quarters of Montreal, there are seen substantial indications of advancement, as if modern were pushing out old ideas, and an English outgrowing the original French population. "When I came to this place thirty years ago," said a venerable settler from Scotland, "I scarcely heard a word of English, and could with difficulty find my way; now matters are entirely changed." The modernisation of the city has been considerably promoted by a fire which some years ago committed extensive ravages. (In Old Montreal) a crop of handsome new buildings has sprung up; but with few exceptions, they follow the line of the old and narrow streets.[32]

The city's lively reputation had not diminished, as Charles Goodrich suggested with a hint of disapproval: "If you wish to enjoy good eating, dancing, music and gayety, you will find an abundance of all (at Montreal)".[33] While staying at Donegana's Hotel in 1853, Clara Kelly wrote to her father, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, describing her impressions of the city and the Square Mile in its infancy:

The scenery I find remarkably pretty, and, moreover, the city has an air of comfort, and to a certain extent of antiquity, rarely to be seen in the States.. The view from (Mount Royal's) summit is most picturesque, - green undulating land dotted with country houses and cottages, with beautiful gardens and trees.. The scene of the terrible fire which occurred here three years ago was pointed out to us. It has fearfully devastated a great part of the town. It seems difficult to understand how such a fire could have lasted so long a time and have done so much mischief, as the houses were not built of wood, which I had always imagined to be the case.. (We visited) a most beautiful and wonderful garden, belonging to a Montreal merchant (probably John Torrance of St. Antoine Hall), whose name I forget but who has collected here everything which is rich and rare, in shrub or flower.[34]

Completed in 1863, Sir Hugh Allan's new house, Ravenscrag, was to be the jewel of the Square Mile, as he intended. He purchased fourteen acres from the decaying McTavish estate and built a sumptuous home of 72 rooms that excelled "in size and cost any dwelling-house in Canada," surpassing Dundurn Castle.[35] By the 1860s, Montreal had come of age, which was recognised by three Royal visits from the future Edward VII, Prince Alfred and Prince Arthur - the most of any colony.

List of principal structures built

1870 to 1889

Sir George Drummond's House, built in the 1880s on Sherbrooke Street, at the corner of Metcalfe Street. Torn down in 1930, the site was used as a car wash
Lord Shaughnessy's House, reduced in size but saved from demolition in 1973; now the Canadian Centre for Architecture
Lord Mount Stephen's home on Drummond Street. Built in 1880, and afterwards inherited by his niece, Elsie Meighen, it was saved from demolition when it was purchased by three anglophone businessmen who created the Mount Stephen Club in 1928.
James Ross with his family outside their Peel Street home; built 1892
The grounds of James Ross house, Peel Street, 1926-27. In 1953, the city extended McGregor Street through these gardens
Mount Royal Club, Sherbrooke Street; founded in 1899 after the leaders of the Square Mile felt that the St. James Club had become "too overcrowded"
Lord Atholstan's house on Sherbrooke Street
Charles Hosmer's house on Drummond Street, 1901
Garden party at the Meighen's house, 1908
J.K.L. Ross House, Peel Street; built 1910
Sir Rodolphe Forget's house on Du Musée Avenue, built 1912

Following the Confederation of Canada, Montreal's economy was still spearheaded by the Allan brothers (Sir Hugh and Andrew), who the Gazette lauded as the "pioneers of our commercial greatness".[35] In 1878, the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise were posted to Canada as the new Vice-regal couple, while Montreal was attracting celebrities of the day such as Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling, Mark Twain and Abraham Lincoln. At the same time in London, the likes of Emma Albani and Sir Gilbert Parker were representative of Quebec's culture.[40]

In the 1880s, the Canadian Pacific Railway was successfully completed under the direction of Lord Mount Stephen, Lord Strathcona and R.B. Angus, after which it was continued by Lord Shaughnessy and Sir William Cornelius Van Horne. Celebrating their success, they spared no expense on their homes, with interiors decked in detailed mahogany and private art galleries housing works of the likes of Raphael, Rembrandt, Cézanne, Constable and Gainsborough etc. Van Horne's collection of Japanese pottery brought connoisseurs from Britain, the United States and Japan; and the Old Masters collection belonging to James Ross was frequently loaned out for public exhibition around the world.

Ashton Oxenden was Bishop of Montreal from 1869 to 1878. As an Englishman, previously well travelled in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Spain, he paid a high complement to "this flourishing and wealthy city" when he stated that, "upon the whole, I prefer Montreal, as a place of residence, to almost any town that I have ever seen." Oxenden particularly enjoyed the "picturesque city's cheerfulness (and the) kindness of its inhabitants":[41]

There is an abundance of charitable institutions at Montreal (and) all well managed.. among the Roman Catholics especially there are many institutions on an enormous scale.. I have hardly seen a beggar in the streets or in the country. There is a great absence of poverty, except perhaps among the lowest French population.. Happily there is at present (1871) a kindly feeling between the Roman Catholics and Protestants, each pursuing their own course without molesting the other. The general cost of living (is) much the same as in an ordinary English town.. Dinner parties are frequent in Montreal. There is perhaps a little too much expense devoted to them; and this prevents all but the wealthy from indulging in such hospitalities.

The Upper parts of the town are of more recent growth, and contain commodious and detached houses, belonging to the men of business and persons of fortune. The streets in this part of the town are as yet incomplete, showing at present certain gaps, which will ere long be filled up with handsome houses. They are all flanked by trees, chiefly maples (which) greatly add to the beauty of the town. The Montreal builders are excellent. They not only run up their houses at an indescribable speed, but they build them well and substantially.[41]

Aside from the men at the very top, the CPR had also brought about another housing boom to the Square Mile: In 1885, Sir John Abbott, the company's chief lawyer, built his new home on Sherbrooke Street and Peel, and in doing so set a trend among his boardroom colleagues - as Oxenden had correctly predicted, filling the gaps within the Square Mile.

List of principal structures built

1890 to 1914

From the 1890s into the Edwardian era the city enjoyed a gilded age. Stephen Leacock recalled, "the rich in Montreal enjoyed a prestige in that era that not even the rich deserve".[48] The men of the CPR retired in the 1890s, having created "the world's greatest transportation system,"[49] selling a package of cheap land (their land holdings were equal in size to the Province of Alberta) with a cheap ticket from Britain through to the Canadian West. Together they had built a nation, seeing over a million immigrants settle in the west, and by exploiting the mineral resources included in their land grants, they and their shareholders would see their net earnings grow year on year to $46 million in 1913.[50] Unprecedented amounts of capital now flowed in from Britain to build Western Canada, and Montreal, where every major company had its headquarters, was once again at the centre of this latest web of prosperity - "those who thought that the government of Canada was in Ottawa were mistaken, it was here".[51]

In perhaps no section of the Colonies have Englishmen and Scotsmen made more of their opportunities than in Montreal. There is an air of prosperity about all their surroundings which at once impresses the visitor. Taken all in all, there is perhaps no wealthier city area in the world than that comprised between Beaver Hall Hill and the foot of Mount Royal, and between the parallel lines of Dorchester and Sherbrooke Streets in the West End.[48]

The wealth inherited and managed by the next generation of Square Milers continued to grow, but while many were successful as businessmen they were less entrepreneurial. They financed and worked closely with newcomers such as Sir Edward Beatty, Sir Herbert Samuel Holt and the last of the great Square Mile tycoons, J.W. McConnell.[28] These men had easily integrated themselves into Square Mile society, but there was a new and hungrier generation of anglophones coming to Montreal, epitomised by Sir Henry Thornton, who were not as readily accepted by the older generation that jealously guarded over the dominance of their cornerstones, the CPR and the Bank of Montreal.[52] Notably, this new group included Max Aitken and Isaac Killam, who were 'pilled' (barred) from entry into the Mount Royal Club:[53] In 1899, finding that the St. James' Club had become "too overcrowded," the Square Mile's leading businessmen, led by the likes of Strathcona and Angus, established the Mount Royal Club that overnight became Montreal's most prestigious.[54] Lord Birkenhead found it to be "one of the best clubs I know in the New World, with the indefinable atmosphere about it of a good London club".[55]

As much as the next generation spent their money on parties, new houses, grand refurbishments and summer homes, they also continued to pour money back into education, health, and culture; albeit for the most part to the benefit of Montreal's Anglophone community. Giving an estimated $100 million to charity in his lifetime, McConnell followed in the magnanimous steps of some of Montreal's best remembered philanthropists, such as Lord Strathcona, to whom King Edward VII referred to as "Uncle Donald" in recognition of his generosity towards charitable causes across the British Empire.[56]

Few places in the world during this period were more British than the Square Mile, and this was recognised back in London by increasingly frequent Royal visits. "The Union Jack flew from Ravenscrag (since inherited by Sir Montague Allan)"[57] where the Montreal Hunt now met, and Lady Drummond was heard to reflect the sentiments of the Square Mile by stating, "the Empire is my country. Canada is my home".[28] The best households were not always necessarily run by Canadians, but by governesses, butlers, cooks, nursemaids and maids sourced from Britain, who were used to working in large houses. The previous generation of Square Milers were guilty of mixing little with the French Canadians, but they had enjoyed a cordial relationship with them; the newcomers however, knew nothing of Quebec politics and to the anger of the established Square Milers one newly named bank president publicly announced at a dinner that as long as he remained in office there would be no French Canadians on his board of directors.[58] The mantle of financial power, now more than ever, was firmly in the hands of the anglophone Montrealers, both old and new. But, largely unnoticed by them, their position and Britishness in an ever-growingly predominant Francophone province was for the first time beginning to alienate them.

List of principal structures built

World War I

Sir Vincent and Lady Meredith converted their home, Ardvana (above), into a rehabilitation centre for Canadian soldiers returning from the Front

The men associated with the Beaver Club, the predecessors of the Square Milers, had almost all served in the Canadian Militia and on the outbreak of the First World War the next generation did not hesitate to take up arms. At his own expense, Hamilton Gault raised Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the last privately raised regiment in the British Empire. He was injured three times leading his regiment into battle, and even after losing a leg he still returned to the Front.[65] Lord Strathcona's Horse, raised by that Canadian peer for the Boer War, was once again returned to action. The British Prime Minister David Lloyd George claimed to his biographer that had the war continued into 1919, he would have sought to replace Field Marshal Douglas Haig with the Square Mile's General Sir Arthur Currie.[66]

The Ladies of the Square Mile tirelessly raised money for the troops and some like Lady Meredith, the Gaults and the Baumgartens opened their houses to injured soldiers returning from Europe. The personal services in England of the Canadian Red Cross were under the charge of Lady Julia Drummond who saw that every Canadian soldier returned to an English hospital received a visit offering sympathy and supplying any basic needs. When Martha Allan trained as a nurse and bought an ambulance which she drove in France, her mother was inspired to set up a hospital in England for Canadian soldiers.

No differently to any other corner of the British Empire, the obvious tragedies prevailed in the Square Mile. No building had taken place, but economically Montreal had come out of the war almost unscathed due in a large part to the steady hand of the Bank of Montreal's (Canada's national bank until 1934) then president, Sir Vincent Meredith. In 1919, fifty families were said to have controlled a third of Canada's invested wealth,[28] and the great majority of them were based in Montreal. For the most part, life continued as it had done before the war, but imperceptible changes were beginning to creep in.

The End of an Era

The Molson Bank on St. James Street, Montreal, in 1872
St. James Street, the financial centre of Montreal at its peak in 1895
Built in 1931, the Sun Life Building on Dorchester Square was in its time the largest edifice in the British Empire

The Square Mile had reached its peak in the Edwardian era, both in spirit and substance. What followed was a steady decline as aggressive American-style corporations took control of the family businesses whose origins laid with the Scots-Quebecers and the Beaver Club. 'New money' swept into Montreal from the United States, Western Canada and, such as the Bronfman family, from different ethnic backgrounds.[67] Similarly to the Canadiens of the Ancien Régime a century before, the Square Milers with their old-fashioned British ideals and business principles did not adapt to the changes in society and held themselves aloof. Newcomers, who neither knew nor cared about the old guard and their traditions were more often than not barred from entry into Square Mile society (such as membership to Montreal's most prestigious men's club, the Mount Royal), but this only served to further alieniate the declining enclave.

Changing attitudes, the war, the introduction of income tax and the invasion of commerce in the streets below Sherbrooke all played their part in the decline. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 certainly affected a great number of Square Milers, but not nearly as badly as it did their American counterparts. Art collections were sold and some tried to sell their houses, but there were no takers. The J.K.L. Ross House was sold for $50,000 in 1930, only a few years after it had been valued at $1 million. Those who had relied on investments moved to smaller, more heat-efficient houses in Westmount or took apartments at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal, whereas others like Sir Herbert Samuel Holt, who never dealt on margin, came out completely untouched.

The Great Depression in Canada during the 1930s played straight into the hands of the Quebec nationalist movement and set the course for the Quiet Revolution that would lay waste to the Square Mile. The overwhelming and ever-widening social divide between Anglophone employers and French Canadian workers in Quebec had existed for a long time, and when the bottom dropped out of the economy those seeking reform seized the opportunity to call out incompetence under Anglo-Canadian business leadership. For the next four decades the Union Nationale government, with the support of the Catholic Church, dominated Quebec politics and saw the decline of Anglo, and with it Montreal's economic supremacy.[68]

In 1977, the newly elected Quebec Sovereigntist government passed the Charter of the French Language (known as Bill 101), making the use of French language mandatory for medium and large-scale companies when communicating with French-speaking staff. This law was received negatively by the Anglo business community, many of whom perceived that the historical rights of the English-speaking minority should be respected, just as the English had respected the French language and Chartier de Lotbinière's famous speech in the Language Debate of 1793. Almost overnight, the overwhelming majority of Anglo-business uprooted and took their headquarters to Toronto.[69] Most notably these included Square Mile stalwarts such as the Bank of Montreal, Sun Life Financial, the Royal Trust and The Guarantee Company of North America; effectively ending any financial prominence Montreal had hung on to since Toronto had surpassed it as the financial capital of Canada in 1934.[70] North America's oldest brewery, Molsons, founded in 1786, was one of the very few major anglophone businesses to retain its headquarters in Montreal, despite death threats to Hartland Molson from the Front de libération du Québec.

When the Depression of the 1930s had eased there were echoes of earlier times in the Square Mile, and as early as 1931 Ernest Cormier built his Art Deco mansion on Pine Avenue. The last great house to be built in the Square Mile was put up in 1934 for Charles Edouard Gravel, today better known as Thomson House, part of McGill University. The final Death knell to the Square Mile was the Second World War, and the once great homes became offices, clubs, apartments and McGill classrooms, "with here and there an aged widow living out her life with memories of the richest, most powerful neighbourhood in Canadian history".[28]

Demolition

Marjory Clouston on Sherbrooke Street with Drummond Street leading up to Mount Royal behind her, 1902
Drummond Street in 2009, looking down from Mount Royal towards Sherbrooke
The Royal Victoria Hospital could soon be sold to real estate developers contravening the caveat that the land be used for hospitals only
The Sochaczevski family bought Francis Redpath House in 1986, with intention to demolish it, and despite signing an agreement to maintain it, allowed the house fall into disrepair over the course of 28 years. It was demolished in 2014.

By the end of World War II, the homes within the Square Mile were for the most part left empty or only partially occupied. Montreal's downtown had shifted northwest into Sherbrooke Street, which with Pine Avenue had now become a major motor traffic artery. From 1945 to 1965 many of the great mansions were acquired by commercial and civic institutions and demolished or repurposed beyond all recognition.

Ravenscrag had been left by Sir Montague and Lady Allan to the Royal Victoria Hospital in 1942. Its famously sumptuous interior was entirely stripped out as the building was converted into the Allan Memorial Institute, and McGill University used its fourteen acres of grounds to erect subsidiary buildings. A similar fate befell nearly two dozen homes as they were transformed into university or commercial offices, but these were the lucky ones that survived. The majority of the old mansions were simply demolished and replaced with high-rise concrete office, or apartment blocks.

The mansions were viewed by local government as symbols of Anglo-Canadian power over the French Canadians and a massive demolition spree was undertaken between 1930 and 1975. For example, Drummond Street in 1925 was a quiet, tree-lined avenue on which stood several Queen Anne and Neo Gothic mansions. By 1975, it had become another bland, treeless street lined with back-to-back concrete tower blocks.

The Van Horne Mansion, the undisputed centre of Square Mile society since the 1930s was demolished by David Azrieli in 1973, to widespread public outrage. Mayor Jean Drapeau declared that it could not be preserved for cultural reasons because it was not part of Quebec's culture — Van Horne being an Anglo, not French Canadian.[71][72] This led to the establishment of Heritage Montreal to protect historic buildings at the provincial level. The architectural character of the neighbourhood stabilized, but the original Square Mile as it had been had already changed beyond recoginition.

Prospect of further demolition

Modern architects have superseded their predecessors from the 1950s through to the 1970s by demonstrating how to preserve the edifices and character of Montreal's historic buildings while incorporating them into modern use, such as is evidenced in cities such as London and Paris. The shining example in Montreal was the work done by Alcan in the early 1980s on their new headquarters on Sherbrooke Street, Maison Alcan, formerly the home of Lord Atholstan. Another example came in 1990 after Lady Meredith House, home to McGill's Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, was broken into and set on fire.[73] McGill renovated and retrofitted the old house to its original elegance, hiring Julia Gersovitz, a McGill graduate and professor.[74] Threats to Montreal's architectural history across the city are ever present today, and the threat of continued erosion to the Square Mile prevails, despite the provisos set up to supposedly protect them.

Royal Victoria Hospital

The buildings formerly occupied by the Royal Victoria Hospital and the remaining property on which they stand have been empty since 2015, when the hospital itself moved into the new 'McGill Superhospital' in the Glen Yards.[75] The Royal Vic, a veritable Montreal landmark, has been expanded several times since it was built in 1893, and the changes have never before been cause for concern. In 1891, the public-spirited Lords Mount Stephen and Strathcona purchased the land and gave the necessary funds to the City of Montreal for which to build the hospital. However, they attached a caveat to their donation, stating that the land and its buildings must only ever be used for education and healing.[76]

From 2010, Elspeth Angus (born in 1929), a descendant of R.B. Angus and an heir as the grand-niece of Lord Mount Stephen, has been fighting to maintain not just the wishes but the conditions set down by the founders to the city, and find use for the land and its buildings as a research facility.[76] Heritage Montreal are also supporting her in her efforts. In 2014, McGill University released a proposal for the integration of the site into the McGill campus.[77]

Francis Redpath Mansion

Built in 1886, it was designed by the noted architect Sir Andrew Taylor and was one of the last of his residential projects still standing in the city. In 1986, the Sochaczevski family, the new owners of Francis Redpath's house, began demolition in order to replace it with yet another a vista-changing condominium block. A portion of the house was destroyed before a court injunction was taken out and its destruction was temporarily halted.[47]

In 2001, Mayor Pierre Bourque granted immediate demolition of the house. In 2002, following intervention by Heritage Montreal, Projet Montréal and local citizens, the Commission d’arbitrage de la Ville de Montréal refused the demolition permit granted by the Bourque administration, on the grounds of the solidity of the house and reminding the owner of his obligation to keep it in good condition—the Sochaczevski family had signed an agreement with the Montreal City Council to maintain the house when they bought it in 1986, but did nothing to maintain, protect or stabilize it.[47][78]

As a mayoral candidate, Gérald Tremblay portrayed himself as a defender of the Redpath house and heritage buildings, but as soon as he gained office—strongly backed by The Suburban newspaper, owned by the Sochaczevski family—he considered a plan to allow demolition to continue.[79] He withdrew his support after the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts stepped in to object.[80]

In December 2013, Mayor Denis Coderre approved the final demolition permit, to be carried out in February 2014. It was demolished on March 19, 2014, just two weeks after Quebec Culture and Communications Minister Maka Kotto intervened to order a halt to the mansion's demolition, in accordance with the Cultural Heritage Act, the Court intervened—at the owner’s request—to shorten the period granted in the minister’s order. Heritage Montreal expressed regret that the discussions were limited to the owner and the minister, not the community nor municipal authorities. After these talks with the owner, Kotto concluded that Redpath House “does not present a national heritage interest,” and gave the go ahead for it to be torn down to make for way for the Sochaczevski's apartment block, bringing about echoes of the destruction of the Van Horne Mansion. Heritage Montreal called the destruction of the Redpath House “a shameful abuse of process and a loss to the city.”[47][81]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Discover Montréal: an architectural and historical guide - Joshua Wolfe, Cécile Grenier, 1991
  2. ↑ Patricia Harris, David Lyon (2 November 2004). "Golden Square Mile". Compass American Guides: Montreal. Fodor's. pp. 132–135. ISBN 978-1-4000-1315-9. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  3. ↑ The Canadian Corporate Elite (Toronto, 1975), Wallace Clement
  4. ↑ "Canada's Richest Neighbourhoods, 2013", Canadian Business
  5. ↑ http://globalnews.ca/news/370804/income-by-postal-code/
  6. ↑ Rémillard, François; & Brian Merrett (1987). Mansions of the Golden Square Mile. Meridian Press. ISBN 2-920417-25-8
  7. ↑ Important from Canada, 1849
  8. ↑ North America (published at New York, 1862) by Anthony Trollope
  9. ↑ Astoria (London, 1836) by Washington Irving
  10. ↑ Jacob Mountain, From Quebec to Niagara in 1794; a diary of Bishop Jacob Mountain, ed. A. R. Kelly
  11. ↑ The Shoe and Canoe; or Pictures of Travel in the Canadas (1850) by John Bigsby
  12. ↑ McGill Library - The Fur Traders
  13. ↑ Travels through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during ... 1795, 1796, and 1797 - Isaac Weld, 1800
  14. ↑ Our Old Montreal (Toronto, 1947), by John Murray Gibbon
  15. ↑ Travels through the States of North America & the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada (London, 1799), by Isaac Weld
  16. ↑ Travels in North America, from Modern Writers, With Remarks and Observations; Exhibiting a Connected View of the Geography and Present State of That Quarter of the Globe - William Bingley, 1821
  17. ↑ "Moses Hayes", Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  18. ↑ Travels through the states of North America, and the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during ... 1795, 1796, and 1797 - Isaac Weld (1800)
  19. ↑ Duncan's Travels, 1818
  20. ↑ Page 113 onwards in 'The Shoe and Canoe; or pictures of travel in the Canadas' (published at London, 1850) by John Jeremiah Bigsby
  21. ↑ My Children's Children (Montreal, 1937), by Evelyn Carter Springett
  22. ↑ British Dominions in North America (London, 1831), by Joseph Bouchette
  23. ↑ New voyages and travels: consisting of originals, translations, and abridgments ; with index and historical preface - Sir Richard Phillips, 1822
  24. ↑ Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America - James & Georgiana Kornwolf, 2002
  25. ↑ Travels through Canada and the United States of North America- John Lambert, 1806-08
  26. ↑ Montreal in Evolution: Historical Analysis of the Development of Montreal's Architecture and Urban Environment - Jean-Claude Marsan, 1990
  27. ↑ Dorwin Remembers Montreal in 1816, by Glenn Cartwright (2003)
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Square Mile, Merchant Princes of Montreal (1987) by Donald MacKay
  29. 1 2 Roderick Macleod, "The Road to Terrace Bank: Land Capitalization, Public Space, and the Redpath Family Home, 1837-1861", Erudit, 2003, Vol. 14, No. 1
  30. ↑ Montreal Gazette - Shaking our Cultural Foundations - Notman House on Sherbrooke Street is a classified heritage building, but that doesn't seem to mean much - April 21, 2001
  31. ↑ Diaries of John Frothingham (1788-1870)
  32. ↑ Things As They Are in America - William Chambers (1854)
  33. ↑ Travels and sketches in North and South America, by Charles Augustus Goodrich (1852)
  34. ↑ A Woman's Wanderings in the Western World: A Series of Letters Addressed to Sir Fitzroy Kelly, M.P., by his daughter Mrs. Clara Bromley, published 1861
  35. 1 2 Dictionary of Canadian Biography (1881-1890), Volume XI
  36. ↑ Royal Canadian Geographical Society, 1978
  37. ↑ The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt (2009), by Oscar Skelton
  38. ↑ "Joseph House "Dilcoosha"". Virtual McGill. McGill University. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  39. ↑ "Prince of Wales Terrace (demolished)". Virtual McGill. Canadian Architecture Collection (CAC), McGill University. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  40. ↑ Journeys: A History of Canada - R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith, R. D. Francis, Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith (2009)
  41. 1 2 My First Year in Canada - Ashton Oxenden, Bishop of Montreal, 1871
  42. ↑ Montreal Gazette, August 20, 1928
  43. ↑ Klein, Julia M. (19 August 2010). "Joan of Architecture Speaks". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  44. ↑ George Stephen House / Mount Stephen Club. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
  45. ↑ Osler Library Newsletter, McGill University, 1975
  46. ↑ Wagg, Susan (2013). The Architecture of Andrew Thomas Taylor. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-0-7735-4118-4. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  47. 1 2 3 4 http://www.heritagemontreal.org/en/demolition-redpath-house/
  48. 1 2 The Reconquest Of Montreal: Language Policy and Social Change in a Bilingual City - Marc Levine, 1991
  49. ↑ plantations in the Caribbean MGrCQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cpr%20worlds%20greatest%20transportation%20system&f=false Life Magazine, April 1937
  50. ↑ Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant elite of Montreal, 1900-1950; Margaret W. Westley (1990), page 192
  51. ↑ The Canadian Home: From Cave to Electronic Cocoon - Marc Denhez, 1994
  52. ↑ Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant elite of Montreal, 1900-1950; Margaret W. Westley (1990), page 201
  53. ↑ Profits and Politics: Beaverbrook and the Gilded Age of Canadian Finance - Gregory Marchildon, 1996. Page 152
  54. ↑ The Founding of the Mount Royal Club in 1899 and its Position within Montreal’s Cultural and Social Milieu
  55. ↑ My American Visit (1918), Lord Birkenhead
  56. ↑ Lord Strathcona: A Biography of Donald Alexander Smith (2002), by Donna McDonald
  57. ↑ All Our Yesterdays (1983), by Edgar Allan Collard
  58. ↑ Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant elite of Montreal, 1900-1950; Margaret W. Westley (1990), page 202
  59. ↑ Canadian Architecture Collection - McGill University, Montreal
  60. ↑ Maison Alcan. Lonely Planet. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ↑ Rémillard, François; & Brian Merrett (1987). Mansions of the Golden Square Mile. Meridian Press. ISBN 2-920417-25-8.
  62. ↑ McGill Centre for Architecture
  63. ↑ McGill Centre for Canadian Architecture
  64. ↑ Montreal Gazette, June 1, 1938 - For Sale or to Let
  65. ↑ Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (1972), by Jeffrey Williams
  66. ↑ Dancocks, Daniel G. (1988). Welcome to Flanders Fields. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart. p. 245. ISBN 0-7710-2545-9.
  67. ↑ Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant elite of Montreal, 1900-1950; Margaret W. Westley (1990)
  68. ↑ Dickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003). A Short History of Quebec. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 372.
  69. ↑ http://www.dannykucharsky.com/awards/beemo.pdf
  70. ↑ Montreal Exchange
  71. ↑ Germain, Damaris; Damaris Rose (August 2000). "A Metropolis in Transition; Montreal's Built Form — French Heritage, Victorian Legacy and Modernist Ambitions". Montreal, The Quest for a Metropolis (PDF). Wiley. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-471-94907-7.
  72. ↑ John David Gravenor (2008-04-03). "Rubens, Rembrandt, Velasquez — Up in flames on Sherbrooke Street". Coolopolis. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  73. ↑ McGill's Lady Meredith House, originally known as Ardvana
  74. ↑ Last Century's Structure Retrofitted for the Next - Waterfurnace International Inc.
  75. ↑ Montreal's superhospital construction check up - Montreal Gazette, January 26, 2012
  76. 1 2 Elspeth Angus interviewed by the Montreal Gazette
  77. ↑ "McGill University outlines plan for Royal Victoria Hospital". CBC News. April 25, 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  78. ↑ (Four Stories) Above the Law Forthcoming Redpath Development Violates Montreal's Zoning Bylaw, published in The Link, Concordia University's Independent Newspaper, 31 January 2011
  79. ↑ Projet Montreal Opposes Redpath Mansion Demolition - January 13, 2011
  80. ↑ West End Times, February 6, 2011
  81. ↑ http://www.montrealgazette.com/Redpath+Mansion+finally+razed/9636971/story.html
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