Giovanni Schiaparelli

Giovanni Schiaparelli

Giovanni Schiaparelli
Born Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli
(1835-03-14)14 March 1835
Savigliano, Kingdom of Sardinia[1]
Died 4 July 1910(1910-07-04) (aged 75)
Milan, Italy
Nationality Italian
Fields Astronomy

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (Italian: [dʒoˈvanːi virˈdʒinjo skjapaˈrɛlːi]; 14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian.

Biography

He was educated at the University of Turin, and later studied at Berlin Observatory, under Encke. In 1859–1860 he worked in Pulkovo Observatory near St Petersburg, and then worked for over forty years at Brera Observatory in Milan. He was also a senator of the Kingdom of Italy, a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino and the Regio Istituto Lombardo, and is particularly known for his studies of Mars.

Mars

Schiaparelli's surface map of Mars

Among Schiaparelli's contributions are his telescopic observations of Mars. In his initial observations, he named the "seas" and "continents" of Mars. During the planet's "Great Opposition" of 1877, he observed a dense network of linear structures on the surface of Mars which he called "canali" in Italian, meaning "channels" but the term was mistranslated into English as "canals".[2]

While the term "canals" indicates an artificial construction, the term "channels" connotes that the observed features were natural configurations of the planetary surface. From the incorrect translation into the term "canals", various assumptions were made about life on Mars; as these assumptions were popularized, the "canals" of Mars became famous, giving rise to waves of hypotheses, speculation, and folklore about the possibility of intelligent life on Mars, the Martians. Among the most fervent supporters of the artificial-canal hypothesis was the American astronomer Percival Lowell, who spent much of his life trying to prove the existence of intelligent life on the red planet.[2] After Lowell's death in 1916, astronomers developed a consensus against the canal hypothesis, but the popular concept of Martian canals excavated by intelligent Martians remained in the public mind for the first half of the 20th century, and inspired a corpus of works of classic science fiction.

Later, with notable thanks to the observations of the Italian astronomer Vincenzo Cerulli, scientists came to the conclusion that the famous channels were actually mere optical illusions. The last popular speculations about canals were finally put to rest during the spaceflight era beginning in the 1960s, when visiting spacecraft such as Mariner 4 photographed the surface with much higher resolution than Earth-based telescopes, confirming that there are no structures resembling "canals".

In his book Life on Mars, Schiaparelli wrote: "Rather than true channels in a form familiar to us, we must imagine depressions in the soil that are not very deep, extended in a straight direction for thousands of miles, over a width of 100, 200 kilometers and maybe more. I have already pointed out that, in the absence of rain on Mars, these channels are probably the main mechanism by which the water (and with it organic life) can spread on the dry surface of the planet."

Astronomy and history of science

Schiaparelli's planisphere of Mercury
Asteroids discovered: 1 [3]
69 Hesperia 29 April 1861 MPC

An observer of objects in the Solar System, Schiaparelli worked with binary stars, discovered the large main-belt asteroid 69 Hesperia on 29 April 1861,[4] and demonstrated that the meteor showers were associated with comets.[5] He proved, for example, that the orbit of the Leonid meteor shower coincided with that of the comet Tempel-Tuttle. These observations led the astronomer to formulate the hypothesis, subsequently proved to be correct, that the meteor showers could be the trails of comets. He was also a keen observer of the inner planets Mercury and Venus. He made several drawings and determined their rotation periods.[5] In 1965, it was shown that his and most other subsequent measurements of Mercury's period were incorrect.[6]

Schiaparelli was a scholar of the history of classical astronomy. He was the first to realize that the concentric spheres of Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus, unlike those used by many astronomers of later times, were not to be taken as material objects, but only as part of an algorithm similar to the modern Fourier series.

Honors and awards

A marble gravestone on the wall of a crypt
Schiaparelli's grave at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan, Italy

Awards

Named after him

Relatives

His niece, Elsa Schiaparelli, became a noted designer or maker of haute couture.[10]

Selected writings

References

  1. ↑ Senato Website
  2. 1 2 Washam, Erik, "Cosmic Errors: Martians Build Canals!", Smithsonian magazine, December 2010.
  3. ↑ "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  4. ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(69) Hesperia". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (69) Hesperia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_70. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(4062) Schiaparelli". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (4062) Schiaparelli. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4041. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  6. ↑ Defrancesco, S. (April 1988). "Schiaparelli's determination of the rotation period of Mercury: a re-examination" (PDF). Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 98: 146–150(JBAAHomepage). Bibcode:1988JBAA...98..146D. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  7. ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  8. ↑ "Schiaparelli Dorsum". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN).
  9. ↑ Patterson, Sean (8 November 2013). "ESA Names ExoMars Lander 'Schiaparelli'". Space Fellowship. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  10. ↑ "ELSA SCHIAPARELLI". Vogue.

Further reading

Obituaries

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