Geel

Geel
Municipality

Flag
Coat of arms
Geel

Location in Belgium

Coordinates: 51°10′N 05°00′E / 51.167°N 5.000°E / 51.167; 5.000Coordinates: 51°10′N 05°00′E / 51.167°N 5.000°E / 51.167; 5.000
Country Belgium
Community Flemish Community
Region Flemish Region
Province Antwerp
Arrondissement Turnhout
Government
 • Mayor Vera Celis (N-VA)
 • Governing party/ies N-VA, CD&V
Area
 • Total 109.85 km2 (42.41 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2016)[1]
 • Total 39,225
 • Density 360/km2 (920/sq mi)
Postal codes 2440
Area codes 014
Website www.geel.be

Geel (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣeːl]) is a city located in the Belgian province of Antwerp, which acquired city status in the 1980s.

It comprises Central-Geel which is constituted of 4 old parishes a/o towns: Sint-Amand, Sint-Dimpna, Holven and Elsum. Further on around the center are the parish-towns of Ten Aard (N), Bel (E), Winkelomheide (SE), Stelen, Oosterlo and Zammel (S), Punt (SW) and Larum (W). On January 1, 2006, Geel had a total population of 35,189. The total area is 109.85 km2 (42 sq mi) which gives a population density of 320 inhabitants per km².

Geel’s patron saint, the Irish Saint Dymphna, inspired the town’s pioneering de-institutionalized method of care for the mentally ill. The city is also a regional hub of commerce and industry due to its location alongside the Albert Canal. Geel is also featured in Ciarán Carson's novel Shamrock Tea (Granta 2001).

History

Origins and Middle Ages

Archaeological finds in the area point to iron-age settlements, but the name of Geel (until mid-20th century spelled as Gheel) hails from a Germanic root meaning “yellow” and dates from the early Middle Ages. A hamlet already existed in the mid-13th century, at which time a certain Petrus Cameracencis, canon of Cambrai, wrote the Vita Sanctae Dimpnae (i.e., life of Saint Dymphna) set in Geel according to oral tradition. The cult of the saint attracted numerous pilgrims to the area, leading to a substantial population growth: 2,136 inhabitants in 1374.

In the 12th century, the extended territory around Geel was given to the Grimbergen Abbey. It then became property of one noble family after another throughout medieval times. The noble lords or dames were masters of their community, but pledged feudal allegiance to the Dukes of Brabant. Some form of municipal government was granted to Geel as early as the first half of the 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century, the history of Geel follows that of the Duchy of Brabant. During all this time, the economy of the city depended on the breeding of sheep for the cloth industry, complemented by the cultivation of flax for the manufacture and trade of linen. A cloth hall was built at the beginning of the 15th century, which was later transformed into the city hall. The Eighty Years' War greatly damaged the Geel economy as well as its buildings and churches. The textile industry recovered to last until the early 19th century, but the economy was now mostly supported by agriculture, specifically rye, oat, barley, and buckwheat. Geel was also known at that time for its Latin School, which attracted students from far away to prepare them for entry at the Catholic University of Leuven.

From the French Revolution until today

In 1795, the Duchy of Brabant was dissolved and Geel made part of the French department of Deux-Nèthes, the precursor of the present province of Antwerp. The nobles and clerics of the Ancien Régime gave way to a mayor, who was now answerable to the town’s people. Geel actively participated in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, resulting in the award of an honorary flag from King Leopold II. The 19th century also saw the building of several new churches at the demand of the various parishes. A major occurrence in the history of Geel is the battle of Geel (also referred to as the "Gheel bridghead") in September 1944, one of the heaviest and bloodiest fights during the liberation of Belgium. Eventually the territory of Geel, and the smaller villages around it, were finally liberated on September 23, but it had claimed numerous military and civilian casualties.

A model of psychiatric care

Geel is well known for the early adoption of de-institutionalization in psychiatric care.[2] This practice is based on the positive effects that placement in a host family gives the patient, most importantly access to family life that would otherwise have been denied. The legendary 7th-century Saint Dymphna, who had moved to the Geel area from Ireland, is usually credited with this type of care. The earliest Geel infirmary and the model where patients go into town, interact with the community during the day, and return to the hospital at night to sleep, date from the 13th century.[3]

Originally, this practice was religiously motivated and organized by a chapter of canons, attached to the church of Saint Dymphna. By the 18th century, however, the placement of patients was mostly done directly, without the intervention of the canons. The number of patients grew in proportion to the growing city’s reputation abroad and the economic benefits flowing to the city provided further motivation to the inhabitants. Attracted by the gentle care of patients, Vincent van Gogh’s father considered sending his famous son to Geel in 1879. The high point came in 1938, with a total of 3,736 placed patients, compared with only 700 a hundred years earlier.

This novel type of psychiatric care was evaluated by various other institutions around the world (see for instance Eastern State Hospital in Virginia), but often seen as too revolutionary to implement. It is only in the early 20th century that the idea of deinstitutionalization was adopted more widely elsewhere. Today, a modern psychiatric centre stands on the place of the old infirmary, and close to 500 patients are still placed with inhabitants.

Sights

Geel train station

Education

Geel is a regional educational centre with several basic schools, highschools and the Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen as an institute for higher education.

The European School, Mol is in Mol, near Geel.[4]

Economic activity

Geel is a regional agricultural, industrial, and commercial center offering medical and educational services to the neighboring communities. The city is the location of a Janssen Pharmaceutica chemical factory and a production site for the biotech company Genzyme. It also hosts the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, which is one of the seven scientific institutes of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. Innotek a technology centre and CIPAL are located in Geel. The town is also the home of the influential Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke stoffen/Information Centre for Dangerous Goods (BIG).

Sports and cultural events

Notable inhabitants

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Geel is twinned with:

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Population per municipality as of 1 January 2016 (XLS; 397 KB)
  2. ↑ Roosens, Eugeen. Mental patients in town life: Geel, Europe's first therapeutic community. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1979. ISBN 0-8039-1330-3 - ISBN 0-8039-1331-1
  3. ↑ Goldstein, Jackie L.; Godemont, Marc M.L. (October 2003). "The legend and lessons of Geel: A 1500-year-old legend, a 21st century model". Community Mental Health Journal. 39 (5): 441–458. PMID 14635986. doi:10.1023/A:1025813003347.
  4. ↑ "Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672" (Archived 2016-03-12 at WebCite). Bundestag (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 10/51. "Europäische Schule Mol — Deutsche Abteilung — Geel Europawijk 2"

Further reading

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