Aurora Bridge

Aurora Bridge

The main span of the bridge, looking west. The suspended truss is visible at the center of the cantilever arch structures
Carries SR 99 (Aurora Avenue North)
Crosses Lake Union
Locale Seattle, Washington
Official name George Washington Memorial Bridge
Maintained by Washington State DOT
ID number 0001447A0000000
Characteristics
Design Mixed, cantilever and truss
Total length 2,945 ft (898 m)
Width 70 ft (21 m)
Longest span 475 ft (145 m)
Clearance below 167 ft (51 m)
History
Opened February 22, 1932
Statistics
Daily traffic

71,000 (2007)[1]

Aurora Avenue Bridge
Location Aurora Ave., N. over Lake Washington Ship Canal, Seattle, Washington
Coordinates 47°38′47″N 122°20′51″W / 47.64639°N 122.34750°W / 47.64639; -122.34750Coordinates: 47°38′47″N 122°20′51″W / 47.64639°N 122.34750°W / 47.64639; -122.34750
Built 1931–32
Built by U.S. Steel Products Corp.
Architect Jacobs & Ober
MPS Historic Bridges/Tunnels in Washington State TR
NRHP Reference # 82004230[2]
Added to NRHP July 16, 1982

The Aurora Bridge (officially called the George Washington Memorial Bridge) is a cantilever and truss bridge that carries State Route 99 (Aurora Avenue North) over the west end of Seattle's Lake Union and connects Queen Anne and Fremont. The bridge is located just east of the Fremont Cut, which itself is spanned by the Fremont Bridge.

The bridge is 2,945 ft (898 m) long, 70 ft (21 m) wide, and 167 ft (51 m) above the water,[3] and is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation.[3] The bridge was opened to traffic on February 22, 1932. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The bridge is a popular location for suicide jumpers and numerous reports have used the bridge as a case study in fields ranging from suicide prevention to the effects of prehospital care on trauma victims.

In 1998, a bus driver was shot and killed while driving over the bridge, causing his bus to crash and resulting in the death of one of the passengers. In 2015, five people were killed and fifty were injured when an amphibious "duck tour" vehicle crashed into a charter bus on the bridge in an accident that also involved two smaller vehicles.

Design

The northern anchor of the bridge
View from beneath the bridge

The bridge is 2,945 ft (898 m) long, 70 ft (21 m) wide, 167 ft (51 m) above the water and is owned and operated by the Washington State Department of Transportation.[3] There are two v-shaped cantilever sections supporting the bridge deck, each 325 ft (99 m) long, balanced on large concrete pilings at opposite sides of the ship canal which serve as the two main supporting anchors.[3][4] Some 828 timber piles were driven for the foundation of the south anchor and 684 piles for the north. They range in size from 110 to 120 feet (34 to 37 m) and rest 50 to 55 feet (15 to 17 m) below the surface of the water. Together, the anchors support a load of 8,000 tons. Their construction required a pile driver that was specially designed to work underwater.[5]

A 150 ft (46 m) long Warren truss suspended span connects the two cantilevers in the middle. The bridge's main span is 475 ft (145 m) long. At either end of the bridge there are additional Warren truss spans which connect the cantilevered spans to the highway.[3][4]

History

Construction on the bridge piers began in 1929,[6] with construction of the bridge following shortly afterwards in 1931, with its dedication held on February 22, 1932, George Washington's 200th birthday.[3][7] It opened to traffic the same day.[5]

The bridge was the final link in what was then called the Pacific Highway (later known as U.S. Route 99), which ran from Canada to Mexico. The bridge crosses the Lake Union section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and, unlike earlier bridges across the canal, the height of the Aurora Bridge eliminated the need for a drawbridge. The Seattle City Council voted to build connecting portions of the highway through the Woodland Park Zoo, a decision which generated considerable controversy at the time.[7]

It was designed by the Seattle architectural firm Jacobs & Ober, with Ralph Ober as the lead engineer on the project. Ober died in August 1931, of a brain hemorrhage while the bridge was still under construction.[8] Federal funding programs were not yet available, so the bridge was funded by Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington.[4]

The bridge was nominated for the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 1980, for its "functional and aesthetic" design qualities and for its historical status as the first bridge constructed in the region without streetcar tracks.[5] It was accepted to the National Register on July 16, 1982.[5]

A local landmark, the Fremont Troll—a large cement sculpture of a troll clutching a real-life Volkswagen Beetle—was installed under the bridge's north end in 1990.[9] Up to half of the $40,000 cost for the artwork was donated from Seattle's Neighborhood Matching Fund, a local program to raise money for community projects.[9][10][11] The sculpture was heavily vandalized in the year following its construction and large floodlights were installed on the bridge to discourage further damage.[12]

Following the collapse of the Minneapolis I-35W arch-truss bridge on August 1, 2007, the Washington State Department of Transportation was directed to perform inspections of all steel cantilever bridges in the state that used gusset plates in their design, including the George Washington Memorial Bridge.[13] The bridge had earlier been certified as structurally sound with no serious deficiencies detected.[14]

In 2007, the Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory found the bridge to be "functionally obsolete".[15] The bridge was given a sufficiency rating of 55.2% and evaluated to be "better than minimum adequacy to tolerate being left in place as is".[15] Its foundations and railings met the acceptable standards and no immediate corrective action was needed to improve it.[15]

The George Washington Memorial Bridge underwent extensive seismic retrofitting from 2011 to 2012 at a cost of $5.7 million US dollars.[16]

Accidents and incidents

A southbound Route 358 articulated bus crosses the George Washington Memorial Bridge

On November 27, 1998, King County Metro driver Mark McLaughlin, the driver of a southbound route 359 Express articulated bus, was shot and killed by a passenger, Silas Cool, while driving across the bridge.[17][18] Cool then shot himself as the bus veered across two lanes of traffic and plunged off the bridge's eastern side onto the roof of an apartment building below.[17][18] Herman Liebelt, a passenger on the bus, later died of injuries he sustained in the crash.[19]

A service for McLaughlin was held on December 8, 1998, at KeyArena in Seattle.[20] Numerous state and county officials and over 100 transit drivers attended the service, which included a procession of over eighty Metro buses and vans.[20] Metro retired the number 359 as a route designation and replaced it with route 358 in February 1999, as part of a restructure of service on Aurora Avenue.[21] On February 15, 2014, Route 358 was retired, and replaced with the RapidRide E Line.[22]

According to estimates from the Washington State Department of Transportation, repairs to the bridge cost over $18,000.[23] Medical claims from the victims against King County amounted to $2.3 million.[24]

On September 24, 2015, five people were killed[25] and fifty were injured when an amphibious "duck tour" vehicle crashed into a charter bus on the bridge in an accident that also involved two smaller vehicles. According to a representative from the Chinese consulate, all of the students were foreign-born. The students all attended North Seattle College, and were on their way to Safeco Field for new student orientation. One witness reported that it appeared as though the duck boat veered into the oncoming bus, after crossing the center line.[26][27][28] Some blame for the accident was placed on the narrowness of the 57-foot-wide (17 m) bridge deck, which has 9.5-foot-wide (2.9 m) lanes, and the lack of a median barrier to separate the two directions of traffic.[29] There have also been some calls to reduce the number of lanes in order to widen lanes,[30] although early reports indicated that a mechanical failure of the duck tour vehicles' front axle may have also been a major factor in the crash.[31]

Suicides

Sign for the suicide hotline on the George Washington Memorial Bridge
One of six emergency phones on the bridge

The bridge's height and pedestrian access make it a popular location for suicide jumpers.[32] Since construction, there have been over 230 suicides from the bridge, with nearly 50 deaths occurring in the decade 1995–2005.[3][33] The first suicide occurred in January 1932, when a shoe salesman leapt from the bridge before it was completed.[34]

Numerous reports have been written about the high incidence of suicide on the bridge, many of them using the bridge as a case study in fields ranging from suicide prevention to the effects of prehospital care on trauma victims.[35]

Despite the force of impact, jumpers occasionally survive the fall from the bridge, though not without sustaining serious injuries.[36][37]

News sources have referred to the George Washington Memorial Bridge as a suicide bridge[38] and, in December 2006, six emergency phones and 18 signs were installed on the bridge to encourage people to seek help instead of jumping.[39][40][41] In late 2006 a group of community activists and political leaders living near the bridge created the Fremont Individuals and Employees Nonprofit to Decrease Suicides (FRIENDS), their primary focus being the installation of a suicide barrier on the bridge.[42]

In 2007, Washington Governor Christine Gregoire allocated $1.4 million in her supplemental budget for the construction of an 8-foot-high (2.4 m) suicide-prevention fence to help reduce the number of suicides on the bridge.[41] Construction of the fence began in spring 2010 and was completed in February 2011, at a total cost of $4.8 million.[39][43]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "2007 Annual Traffic Report" (PDF). Transportation Data Office, Washington State Department of Transportation. 2008. p. 125. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  2. ↑ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  3. 1 2 3 Paul Dorpat; Genevieve McCoy (1998). Building Washington: A History of Washington State Public Works. Tartu Publications. p. 117. ISBN 0-9614357-9-8.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Elizabeth Atly; Lisa Soderberg (1982). "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 4.
  5. ↑ "New bridge links coastal route". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. (Associate Press photo). October 3, 1930. p. 1.
  6. 1 2 Kit Oldham (February 17, 2007). "Seattle City Council votes to build Aurora Avenue through Woodland Park on June 30, 1930". HistoryLink. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  7. ↑ Kirby Lindsay (January 11, 2007). "The draw of the Aurora Bridge: Despite popular belief, the Aurora Bridge isn't prone to heartbreaking situations". Pacific Publishing Company. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  8. 1 2 Constantine Angelos (December 10, 1990). "Monstrous New Fun In Fremont". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  9. ↑ "Neighborhood Improvement Program - A Home-Grown Idea Wins National Applause". The Seattle Times. September 24, 1991. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  10. ↑ Cecilia Goodnow (April 2, 1992). "Troll-lific:Gnomes are multiplying". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Fremont Troll Gets The Light Of His Life". The Seattle Times. March 5, 1991. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Washington State Bridge Construction Practices and Gusset Plates". Washington State Department of Transportation. 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
  13. ↑ "2007 Annual Bridge Update" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. June 30, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory (2007). "Place Name: Seattle, Washington; NBI Structure Number: 0001447A0000000 ; Facility Carried: SR 99; Feature Intersected: Aurora Avenue, Lake Union". Nationalbridges.com (Alexander Svirsky). Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2008. Note: this is a formatted scrape of the 2007 official website, which can be found here for Washington: "WA07.txt". Federal Highway Administration. 2007. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  15. ↑ "WSDOT - Project - SR 99 - Aurora Bridge and Column Seismic Retrofit". Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  16. 1 2 "Rider Shoots Driver; 2 Dead, Dozens Hurt -- Bus Careens Off Bridge -- Murder-Suicide A Possibility". The Seattle Times. November 28, 1998. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  17. 1 2 Deborah Nelson; Christine Clarridge; J. Martin Mcomber; Tan Vinh; Eric Sorensen; Chris Solomon (November 30, 1998). "Bus Driver Killed By Shot To Chest -- Search Of Gunman's Apartment Turns Up Additional Guns, Knives". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  18. ↑ Chris Solomon (November 29, 1998). "Victim Was Trying `To Make A Difference' - Herman Liebelt Had Varied Interests, Causes". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  19. 1 2 Jack Broom; Christine Clarridge (December 8, 1998). "Bus Drivers Honor One Of Their Own -- Memorial For Mark Mclaughlin". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  20. ↑ Schaefer, David (February 5, 1999). "Metro adds routes, buses tomorrow". The Seattle Times. p. B2. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  21. ↑ Lindblom, Mike (February 15, 2014). "Aurora Avenue North bus now RapidRide". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Part Of Bridge To Be Closed". The Seattle Times. December 19, 1998. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  23. ↑ Roberto Sanchez (April 11, 2000). "Aurora bus wreck tops county list of $10.9 million for claims, suits". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  24. ↑ "NTSB: Duck vehicle didn't have recommended axle repair". USA Today. September 27, 2015.
  25. ↑ "4 killed as 'Ride The Ducks' vehicle collides with charter bus". KING-TV. September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  26. ↑ "4 killed, 51 injured as 'Duck' vehicle, bus collide on Aurora Bridge". KOMO-TV. September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  27. ↑ Kim, Janet (September 25, 2015). "International students killed on Aurora Bridge were from North Seattle College". KCPQ. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  28. ↑ Lindblom, Mike; Baker, Mike (September 24, 2015). "Span's narrow lanes a longtime safety concern". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  29. ↑ Johnson, Graham (September 24, 2015). "Should Aurora Bridge have fewer lanes and traffic barrier?". KIRO-TV. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  30. ↑ Warren, Ted S. (September 26, 2015). "Feds: Axle from duck boat in deadly crash 'sheared off'". Kitsap Sun.
  31. ↑ Charles Mudede (April 19, 2000). "Jumpers". The Stranger. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  32. ↑ "Suicide Prevention Week". abcnews.com. September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  33. ↑ "City hopes to dissuade suicidal jumpers". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. October 2, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  34. ↑ Fortner GS, Oreskovich MR, Copass MK, Carrico CJ (1983). "The Effects of Prehospital Trauma Care on Survival from a 50 Meter Fall". Journal of Trauma. 23 (11): 976–81. PMID 6632028. doi:10.1097/00005373-198311000-00003.
  35. ↑ "Woman survives jump from Aurora Bridge". The Seattle Times. September 30, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Life After The Fall". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. March 5, 1996. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  37. ↑ "'Suicide bridge' hurts workers' mental health". msnbc.com. January 26, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  38. 1 2 "SR 99 - Aurora Bridge Fence - Completed February 2011". Washington State Department of Transportation. February 2011. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  39. ↑ "State budget includes suicide fence on Aurora Bridge". KOMO News. Associated Press. December 18, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  40. 1 2 Donna Gordon Blankinship (December 19, 2007). "Money for fence to cut Aurora Bridge suicides". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  41. ↑ Marc Ramirez (September 17, 2007). "Neighbors work to end bridge's tragic pull". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  42. ↑ "SR 99 Aurora Bridge Fence - Common Questions". Washington State Department of Transportation. February 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
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