George Coulthard

George Coulthard

Coulthard wearing a Carlton Football Club guernsey and cap
Born George Coulthard
(1856-08-01)1 August 1856
Boroondara, Victoria, Australia
Died 22 October 1883(1883-10-22) (aged 27)
Carlton, Victoria, Australia
Cause of death Tuberculosis
Resting place Melbourne General Cemetery, Victoria, Australia
Occupation Cricketer,
Australian rules footballer,
tobacconist
Spouse(s) Letitia Jackson
Children Letitia Coulthard
Mary Ellen Coulthard
Parent(s) Thomas Coulthard
Elizabeth Fleming

George Coulthard (1 August 1856 – 22 October 1883) was an Australian cricketer and Australian rules footballer.

Born and raised on a farm outside Melbourne, Victoria, Coulthard led the Carlton Football Club to premiership success in the fledgling Victorian Football Association (VFA), and was, in the opinion of many of his contemporaries, the most skilled player yet seen in the Australian game. However, in a first for the VFA, Coulthard received a season-long suspension in 1882 for brawling during a match, effectively ending his football career. Recognised as the game's "first bona fide superstar", he was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.[1]

As a cricketer, he played for Melbourne, represented Victoria in five first-class intercolonial matches, and made one Test appearance for Australia, against England in 1882. He also umpired some of the earliest Tests, and is perhaps best known in cricket for instigating the Sydney Riot of 1879 when he dismissed New South Wales batsman Billy Murdoch during a match against Lord Harris' English team. Coulthard was co-officiating the game with Edmund Barton, later the first Prime Minister of Australia.

A working class professional, Coulthard ran a tobacco and sporting goods store in Lygon Street, Carlton. In a relatively short but eventful life, he survived a shark attack in Sydney Harbour, fought bare-knuckle boxing champion Jem "The Gypsy" Mace, and, based on a dream he reported having, convinced thousands of punters to back a horse with long odds in the Melbourne Cup (the horse finished close to last). Coulthard is also credited with being Australian football's first "man in white", for, during an intercolonial match in 1880, he chose to umpire in the now-traditional all-white uniform to stand out from the players. He died of tuberculosis in 1883, aged 27, after suffering from the illness for over a year. He was survived by his wife and baby daughter.

Football

Carlton's star recruit

George Coulthard

Sketch of Coulthard running with the ball against Geelong at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground on 17 July 1880
Personal information
Original team(s) Carlton Imperial
Height 178 cm (5 ft 10 in)
Weight 76 kg (168 lb)
Playing career
Years Club Games (Goals)
1876–1882 Carlton
Career highlights

Coulthard first started playing club-level football in 1874 for Carlton Imperial, a junior side sometimes referred to as the "training establishment" of the senior Carlton Football Club.[2] He proved to be a match-winner for the Imperials with his goal-kicking, and in 1876, was recruited by the senior club, then a powerhouse of Victorian football.[3] Starting off as one of Carlton's followers, he was described by The Footballer as a "rising and most promising player".[4] Carlton topped the ladder that year and looked to win its fourth premiership in a row, but in the decider against archrivals Melbourne, a controversial umpiring call secured the trophy for the latter club.[5]

The Victorian Football Association (VFA) was established the following year with Carlton as one of its twelve foundation member clubs.[6] Despite switching between attacking and defensive positions during the 1877 VFA season, Coulthard still managed to rank equal-first on Carlton's goal-kicking tally with eight goals, and his elusive dashes with the ball in hand—fully 100 metres up the field at times—became a celebrated aspect of his game:

His speciality is, undoubtedly, running with the ball; many are the runs he has made, warding off his opponents with his long, muscular arms. This peculiar style of passing is really a treat to witness, and we may well say that Coulthard is unequalled at it, being a custom almost his own.
— The Australasian[7]

Mid-season, Carlton pioneered intercolonial football in Australia when it travelled north to Sydney in New South Wales to take on the Waratahs, a local rugby club, in two matches: one under rugby rules, the other under Australian rules. As was expected, each club won the match played by its own rules, and Coulthard was appraised as one of two Carlton footballers who adapted best to rugby.[8] The clubs met again in Melbourne, repeating the code switch. Carlton won playing Australian rules and claimed a 1–1 draw in the rugby match in defiance of the opposing team's umpire, who disputed their goal; the Waratahs eventually allowed it under protest in order for the game to continue. Coulthard stood out in both fixtures[9] and briefly joined the Waratahs to play rugby. He quickly dominated at the sport, scoring all five goals and four tries in his second and last game for the club.[10] Although he appeared in only two of the Waratahs' twelve rugby matches in 1877, Coulthard scored more goals than any other member that season, and tied equal first in tries.[11] Coulthard was remembered decades later for "[showing] the Rugby men how their game should be played".[12]

Shark attack

The waters near Shark Island where the shark attack took place.

Following the encounters with Carlton, the Waratahs adopted Australian rules, and for a time, the colonial game threatened to supersede rugby in Sydney.[13] Coulthard accepted an invitation from Phil Sheridan, a trustee of the Sydney Cricket Ground, to travel to Sydney with the aim of fostering Australian rules in the city.[14] On 15 September 1877, soon after his arrival, Coulthard joined several local footballers on a fishing trip in Sydney Harbour. The group was anchored near Shark Island when Coulthard, sitting on the boat's gunwale with the back of his tailcoat hanging over the side, was pulled overboard by "a monster shark, 13 feet long". The shark had seized his coattails trailing on the water and dragged him beneath the surface "some ten or twelve feet" until it tore the coat from his body. After kicking at the shark, Coulthard swam to the surface alongside the boat, "into which he threw, with the aid of his friends, a kind of somersault, just about as quickly as he had been taken overboard."[15] The incident was said to be "one of the most marvellous escapes from a fearful death on record" and "probably without parallel in Australian waters".[15]

Shaken by the event, Coulthard returned to Melbourne within a week, where he resumed playing for Carlton.[16] The club denied widely circulated rumours that it had lured its star player back with financial incentives, stating that Coulthard returned due to a falling out with his associates in Sydney.[17] Nonetheless, the shark entered sporting folklore as the reason why Coulthard abandoned his plans in Sydney, which, as the story goes, kept Australian rules from becoming the city's most popular football code.[14][18]

Champion of Victoria

Coulthard was declared best-on-ground in the first intercolonial football match: Victoria v. South Australia, 1879, East Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Back in Victoria, in the lead-up to the final match of 1877, against Melbourne, Carlton was already acknowledged as having won the premiership—its fifth such honour in seven years—based on the results of previous encounters between the two clubs that season. Coulthard was instrumental in maintaining Carlton's supremacy and was voted by The Australasian in its end-of-season review as one of the VFA's best backline players.[19] Carlton was considered the best side early on in the 1878 VFA season with Coulthard putting in best-on-ground efforts for the club.[20] However, 1878 saw provincial Geelong develop a dynasty that would dominate the competition well into the 1880s.[21] Coulthard capped off the season with 18 goals, the most of any player that year, and was singled out for his prowess in the ruck.[22]

Coulthard was Carlton's best in its first match of the 1879 VFA season, a 4–0 win over Albert Park in which he scored a goal after using an innovative dodging tactic that, according to one observer, left his opponents "standing looking on at the cool operation like a lot of demented geese".[23] In July, in Melbourne, Victoria defeated South Australia in the first football contest between two colonies. Coulthard contributed two goals for Victoria in a best-on-ground display, and again led the way when his colony trounced South Australia in the return match a few days later.[24] At the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) the following month, in the first club football match staged at night under electric lights, Carlton triumphed over Melbourne 3–0, two of the goals coming from Coulthard.[25] He ended 1879 with a record 21 goals, seven more than the runner-up.[26] At the conclusion of the season, The Australasian declared:[27]

There can be no two opinions as to who is entitled first mention—George Coulthard, of Carlton. Back, forward, or following, and nowhere out of place, the grandest player of the day, it is doubtful if for general excellence his equal has ever been seen in Victoria.
Coulthard (right) wearing a Carlton guernsey and holding a football with club secretary E. A. Prévôt, 1880

Coulthard kicked all five goals in the first game of the 1880 VFA season.[28] Carlton was still undefeated in June when it recorded another victory, against Melbourne, in a testimonial match for Coulthard, who complimented the occasion with a best-on-ground effort.[29] In July, he officiated a match between Melbourne and South Australia's touring Norwood Football Club in the now-traditional all-white umpiring uniform, and is thus recognised as football's first "man in white".[30] Later that month, in a major match against reigning premiers Geelong, Coulthard fainted after opponent George "Hercules" Watson felled and injured him behind play. He tried squaring up to Watson but was pulled back by a police constable and taken from the field to recover. The incident failed to stop Carlton from recording an upset victory, ending Geelong's 44 match winning streak.[31] Coulthard finished on top of the goal-kicking ladder for the third consecutive season with 21 goals, and was again recognised as a champion of the colony.[32]

In July of the 1881 VFA season, Coulthard, attempting a mark in front of Carlton's goal, was tackled by a Melbourne opponent and accidentally kicked behind the right ear. It left a wound that required immediate surgical treatment, forcing him to sit out the match.[33] Coulthard was still suffering the effects of the injury one week later when he returned to the field to face Geelong.[34] He struggled during Carlton's 1881 tour of Adelaide, the local press stating that he was manned so persistently due to his footballing reputation that "he does not get the same chance of showing his sterling qualities".[35] Although not up to his usual standard that year, Coulthard was still acknowledged as one of Victoria's best forwards, and secured 18 majors to finish second in the goal-kicking stakes.[36]

Career-ending suspension

Coulthard was serving as Carlton's vice-captain in 1882 when events conspired to end his VFA career. During a club training session in April, he clashed with teammate Joey Tankard, a new recruit who subsequently returned to his original club of Hotham. They reignited their feud in August when Carlton and Hotham met on the East Melbourne Cricket Ground.[37] With Carlton leading into the second half, Coulthard fell on Tankard in a scrimmage, either accidentally or on purpose "with both fists shut", depending on the eyewitness account.[38] Upon rising, Tankard struck Coulthard in the face, who returned punches in kind and used "foul language" before other players broke up the fight.[38][39] The crowd then invaded the pitch and an eruption of mob violence seemed imminent until the police intervened.[40] The Sportsman called it "one of the most disgraceful affairs witnessed on a football field".[41] Later in the match, Coulthard challenged Tankard to a fight in the pavilion, but he refused.[40]

Coulthard received his suspension at the Young and Jackson Hotel.

Six days later, the VFA held a special meeting at the Young and Jackson Hotel regarding the incident. After assessing the evidence, the bulk of which showed Tankard to be the aggressor, the VFA determined that Coulthard was "more to blame" for the fracas, with chairman H. C. A. Harrison expressing the opinion that "bad language is far worse than blows."[42] Both players received a season-long suspension—the first punishment of its kind carried out by the association.[41][43] After the verdict was handed down, Hotham secretary E. J. Lawrence accused Coulthard of insulting and threatening Tankard outside the meeting, and considered going to the police.[44]

The Coulthard-Tankard affair was seen as the culmination of a recent trend in the sport harking back to the violence and brutality of 1860s football.[40][45] The Argus supported the VFA, saying "it ought to be thanked and applauded by footballers, as it assuredly is by the public."[45] Other publications considered the sentence too severe on the grounds that no similar charge had previously been brought against Coulthard, and that the VFA had shown leniency in similar, if not worse cases.[43][46] The incident also served as a fulcrum for debate on the role of the media; one journalist in particular was criticised for sensationalising the fight, and in turn, influencing the VFA's decision to investigate it.[46]

While Hotham abided by the ruling, Carlton was heavily censured for refusing to enter the field in its next arranged match, against Melbourne, unless Coulthard was allowed to play.[47][48] Melbourne would only accept their demand if Carlton "assumed the responsibility of defying the association". Carlton rejected the offer, and the match was abandoned.[49] By this stage, Carlton was in talks to secede from the VFA, but later decided to play out the season.[48] It still sought to exonerate Coulthard, and at the VFA's next meeting, the case was reconsidered.[50] In a move that quickly turned public opinion against the VFA, Tankard's suspension was uplifted while Coulthard's remained in place.[50][51] The Australasian accused the VFA of basing its decision on "various jealousies and petty personal interests", and called for the governing body to be completely restructured.[52] It was said that Coulthard's status as a lower class professional sportsman made him a convenient scapegoat.[53]

Coulthard, despite missing five matches due to his suspension, ranked first for Carlton and fourth overall in the 1882 goal-kicking ladder, tallying 14 majors.[54] He never played senior-level football again.

Cricket

George Coulthard

Australia v. England at the MCG, 1879, in the third-ever Test match, umpired by Coulthard
Cricket information
Batting style Right-handed
Bowling style Right arm medium
Role All-rounder
International information
National side
Domestic team information
YearsTeam
1880/81–1881/82 Victoria
Umpiring information
Tests umpired 2 (1879–1882)
Career statistics
Competition Tests First-class
Matches 1 6
Runs scored 6 92
Batting average – 11.50
100s/50s 0/0 0/0
Top score 6* 31
Balls bowled 0 332
Wickets 0 5
Bowling average – 25.00
5 wickets in innings 0 0
10 wickets in match 0 0
Best bowling – 3/29
Catches/stumpings 0/0 3/0
Source: Cricinfo

Melbourne professional

Coulthard began his cricket career at the Carlton Cricket Club. For the 1877–78 season, he transferred to the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC), which took him on as a professional ground bowler (a job that involved bowling to members in the nets[55]). In 1878–79, he went in as a substitute for a Victorian XV during a match against the first representative Australian team,[56] and batted in the lower order for the MCC when it hosted New Zealand's visiting Canterbury XI.[57]

Coulthard was only twenty-two when Lord Harris, captain of the touring England XI, put him on trial as the team's umpire on the advice of the MCC.[58] Coulthard officiated the team's first match in Melbourne, against a Victorian XV, on Boxing Day 1878,[59] and fulfilled the same duty in the lone Test match of the tour, against Australia, held at the MCG on 2–4 January 1879.[60] Harris was so satisfied with Coulthard that he invited him to accompany the team and stand in as umpire for the remainder of the tour.

Sydney Riot of 1879

The England team's next first-class match was against New South Wales on the Association Ground in Sydney. As a hired professional, Coulthard was viewed with suspicion by many Sydneysiders (the local custom was to use amateur umpires), and, in an era of intense rivalry between the colonies, the fact that he was a Victorian only deepened their distrust.[61] He was also considered "a mere tyro", out of depth with his new responsibilities.[62] Even so, New South Wales was tipped to win based on England's losses in Victoria, and illegal gamblers had placed heavy bets in favour of the home side.[63]

The first game passed off without incident, New South Wales winning by five wickets.[64] England fought back in the return match, which began on 7 February. In reply to the tourists' first innings total of 267, Billy Murdoch, the star of New South Wales, carried his bat for 82 out of 177 and had reached 10 in the follow-on when Coulthard gave him run out.[64] The dismissal caused an uproar in the crowd of 10,000, incited, it was alleged, by bookmakers and their cohorts in the pavilion, who told Murdoch to stay on the field.[65] It was not Coulthard's first controversial call; on the first day, he gave the caught Harris a second life, a "blatant error" according to one match reporter.[61]

Ignoring his team's umpire Edmund Barton, who deemed the run out fair,[66] New South Wales captain Dave Gregory threatened to abandon the match unless Harris had Coulthard replaced.[67] While the captains conferred, one of the English fieldsmen inflamed the situation by addressing hecklers in the crowd as "nothing but 'sons of convicts'".[68] At this point, up to 2,000 "roughs and larrikins" surged onto the pitch.[69] Some of the England players armed themselves with stumps as defensive weapons.[69] Harris, in defending Coulthard, was struck with a heavy stick, and A. N. "Monkey" Hornby collared and dragged the assailant to the pavilion, taking punches and nearly losing his shirt in the process.[70] Powerless to restore order, the mounted police were able to rescue Coulthard only after a lengthy struggle and with the help of volunteers.[71][72] Two attempts were made to resume the match, but when the rioters learned of Harris' refusal to withdraw Coulthard, they again rushed the ground and stayed there until the scheduled end of play.[67] Outside the ground, Coulthard was cornered by a 200-strong mob but escaped without further trouble when a group of sailors intervened and "polished off" his would-be attackers.[73]

Following a joint apology from New South Wales cricket officials, Harris agreed to continue the match after Sunday break on the condition that Coulthard stood in as umpire. England won by an innings and 41 runs, and then cancelled its remaining fixtures in Sydney.[74] The riot was reported on widely as a national disgrace and a blow to Anglo-Australian relations.[75] The Sydney press maintained that Coulthard was either incompetent or "wilfully corrupt" as umpire.[76] He wrote an open letter to The Sydney Evening News denying accusations that he had bets on the match,[77] and Harris stated publicly that had he suspected his umpire of taking any interest in the result, he would not have employed him.[78]

Speaking at a banquet given to the England team in Melbourne at the end of the tour, Lord Harris reaffirmed his belief that Murdoch was correctly given out, and, to the applause of the audience, stated that he and his men "had met with no better or fairer umpire than Mr. Coulthard".[58]

First-class career

Coulthard was brought into a Victoria XV in March 1880 to take on that season's Australian representative team. He was the leading wicket-taker for his side with 5/52 and 4/28.[79] In his first-class debut for Victoria later that year, against South Australia on the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, he took 3/29 and contributed 31 runs to a first innings total of 329, but his performance with the leather slumped in the second innings, conceding 49 runs for a single wicket.[80] The following month, after top scoring (51) for a Victorian XV in a match against the Australian XI,[81] Coulthard played in his first of three first-class contests against New South Wales. He failed to make much of a statistical impact for Victoria in any of these intercolonials.[82][83][84]

Given the inconsistency of his first-class outings, it is considered an oddity that, during the 1881–82 season, Coulthard, then Victoria's twelfth man, was selected to play for Australia against Alfred Shaw's touring England team following the withdrawal through injury of Alick Bannerman and Fred Spofforth.[55] It was the second Test of the tour, held at the Association Ground in Sydney on 17–21 February.[85] Batting at number eleven, he scored 6 not out in a useful last wicket stand of 29 with fellow Test debutant Sammy Jones. It would be Coulthard's solitary Test appearance, earning him the rare distinction shared only with fellow Australian Paddy McShane of playing in a Test after umpiring in one.[55] Also, by a "twist of fate", his captain in the match was Billy Murdoch.[86] Coulthard umpired the fourth and final Test of the tour at the MCG on 10–14 March.[87]

Other sports

Beyond cricket and football, Coulthard excelled at other sports, and was remembered as "one of the best all-round sportsmen of all time".[88]

An admired amateur boxer, he sparred with and competed against English bare-knuckle champion Jem "The Gypsy" Mace.[88][89]

Family and personal life

Coulthard was born on 1 August 1856 in Boroondara (near Kew) to Thomas Coulthard and his wife Elizabeth (née Fleming), both of whom migrated to Victoria from England in 1854. Born in 1811 outside Stanhope, Thomas, a lead ore miner, married in 1843 to Elizabeth, an Ireshopeburn native two years his junior.[90] George was their seventh child. Thomas and Elizabeth died in 1866 and 1873 respectively.[91]

Coulthard was educated at St. Matthew's School, Carlton. As an adult, he lived in Carlton's Lygon Street, where he ran a sporting goods store that doubled as a clubroom and smoking divan.[92] He married a woman named Letitia Ann Jackson in July 1880 with whom he had two daughters, one of whom died in infancy.

In March 1879, Coulthard spied on and captured William Grieves, a notorious criminal who had eluded detection for five years, and delivered him into police custody.[93] Coulthard was later reportedly admitted as a member of the Victoria detective force.[94] Coulthard also donated a koala to the precursor of the Melbourne Zoo in 1880.[95]

Coulthard's youngest brother William, the only sibling to survive past the age of 30, lived until 1935 and served on the board of the Carlton Football Club.[96] He named his son after George.[97]

Illness and death

Coulthard's gravesite, Melbourne General Cemetery

In November 1882, Coulthard was appointed umpire for Ivo Bligh's touring England XI on its famous quest to recover The Ashes. Coulthard fell ill during a sea voyage early on in the tour, and on the second day of a match in Newcastle, suffered "severe indisposition" and retired from his post.[98][99] Coulthard had contracted tuberculosis, and was feared to be on the verge of death by the start of the 1883 VFA season.[100] It was arranged that all proceeds from a June match between Carlton and Melbourne on the MCG be donated to Coulthard. The Melbourne press, noting Coulthard's popularity, anticipated a record attendance for football in Australia.[101] However, stormy weather kept the turnout to no more than 5,000.[102] Hotham, the club with which Coulthard had feuded the previous year, was among the contributors to his fund.[103]

On 20 October 1883, Coulthard was reportedly "confined to his bed in a dangerous state".[104] Delirious as he succumbed to the disease, Coulthard made apparent references to his suspension from the VFA, saying "It is not true they're going to disqualify me. Surely they won't disqualify me."[53] News of his death on 22 October was met with an outpouring of public grief, and a large procession followed Coulthard's remains from his Lygon Street home to his funeral.[105] He was buried at the Melbourne General Cemetery next to Princes Park, home of the Carlton Football Club.[104][106]

One sportswriter closed his obituary to Coulthard with the following words:[107]

In all my experience I never met with one who better deserved to have written for epitaph "He was a man."

A concert was staged later that year in Carlton for the benefit of his surviving wife and family.[108] On the night of the event, Melbourne identity Edmund Finn recited to the packed venue an original poem about Coulthard, which read in part:[109]

The foremost he, for football's manly game,
Was ever linked with poor George Coulthard's name.
He never changed—to Carlton always true,
He donned thro' good and ill the same dark blue.

"The Dream"

The 1883 Melbourne Cup

Coulthard earned a place in the annals of Australian horse racing for a dream he reported having in the weeks before his death. Lying on his deathbed, he dreamt that Martini-Henri would win the Victoria Derby, Dirk Hatteraick the Melbourne Cup, and that he himself would die before the first-named race was run.[110][111] Coulthard's dream was "the great topic of the day" and received significant media coverage.[112] When he died before Martini-Henri won the Derby, a "rush of superstitious punters" placed bets on Dirk Hatteraick to win the Cup, causing a sharp drop in odds, despite the fact that, in the words of one turf writer, the horse was "as fat as a bacon hog".[110][113] Dirk Hatteraick finished in the tail end of the field.[114] A former member of Victorian Parliament was among those who believed in Coulthard's dream, but admitted backing Dirk Hatteraick "was an idiotic thing to do".[115]

Published by Arthur Patchett Martin in Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom: Stories and Sketches by Australians in England (1888), author Douglas Sladen's short story "At the Melbourne Cup" follows a punter who bets on Dirk Hatteraick after learning of Coulthard's dream.[116]

Legacy

1884 poster showing star VFA footballers of the day. The central portrait of Coulthard is surrounded by two players from each club, all contained in an oval football.

Coulthard is often ranked alongside Jack Worrall, Albert Thurgood and Fred McGinis as one of the greatest Australian rules footballers to emerge in the first fifty years of the game.[1] In 1908, the year of Australian rules football's jubilee celebrations, sports journalist Donald Macdonald wrote of Coulthard:[117]

He could not be misplaced. His clever handling, his pace, his expertness in dodging, his sureness in the air, and his masterful kicking were items that proved invaluable to his team. He was the brightest star in the galaxy, such as does not, even to-day, shed its effulgent beams on Carlton.

Early football historian C. C. Mullen retrospectively named Coulthard the "Champion of the Colony" for the years 1876, 1877 and 1879.[55] Coulthard was inducted into the Carlton Football Club Hall of fame in 1990,[118] and is one of the few players of his generation to be a member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cardosi 2014.
  2. ↑ Pennings 2012, p. 108.
  3. ↑ Pennings 2012, p. 116, 121, 128.
  4. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 128; Weston 2008, p. 105.
  5. ↑ Pennings 2012, pp. 132–134.
  6. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 17.
  7. ↑ Pennings 2014.
  8. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 22.
  9. ↑ "Football Gossip". The Australasian (Melbourne). 6 June 1878. p. 13. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Football". Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney). 15 September 1877. p. 31. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
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  13. ↑ Richards 2011, p. 186.
  14. 1 2 Field 1957, p. 27.
  15. 1 2 "Thrilling Adventure with a Shark in Port Jackson". Evening News (Sydney). 17 September 1877. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  16. ↑ "Football Notes". Leader (Melbourne). 29 September 1877. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "News". The Argus (Melbourne). 2 October 1877. p. 5. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  18. ↑ "Rugby Man Who Drafted Rules for Australian Game". Referee (Sydney). 3 August 1933. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
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  20. ↑ Pennings 2014, pp. 39–40.
  21. ↑ Pennings 2014, pp. 36–37.
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  23. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 53.
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  25. ↑ Bolfo 2009, pp. 22–23.
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  30. ↑ Piesse 1995, p. 272.
  31. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 83.
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  37. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 103, 112.
  38. 1 2 "Football Association". Weekly Times (Melbourne). 19 August 1882. p. 5. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  39. ↑ "Football Gossip". The Australasian (Melbourne). 26 August 1882. p. 12. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  40. 1 2 3 "Intercolonial News". Victorian Express (Geraldton). 20 September 1882. p. 3. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  41. 1 2 Pennings 2014, p. 112.
  42. ↑ "Football Gossip". Leader (Melbourne). 26 August 1882. p. 13. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  43. 1 2 "Football Notes". Weekly Times (Melbourne). 26 August 1882. p. 13. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  44. ↑ "The Football Association and the Hotham Club". The Argus (Melbourne). 22 August 1882. p. 10. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  45. 1 2 "News". The Argus (Melbourne). 25 August 1882. p. 4. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  46. 1 2 "Football Gossip". The Australasian (Melbourne). 26 August 1883. p. 12. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  47. ↑ "Football Disputes". Bendigo Advertiser (Bendigo). 30 August 1882. p. 1. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  48. 1 2 "Football Gossip". Leader (Melbourne). 2 September 1882. p. 13. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  49. ↑ "Carlton v. Melbourne". The Argus (Melbourne). 21 August 1882. p. 6. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  50. 1 2 "Victorian Footballers' Association". The Argus (Melbourne). 2 September 1882. p. 10. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  51. ↑ "Football Gossip". Leader (Melbourne). 16 September 1882. p. 13. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  52. ↑ "Football Gossip". The Australasian (Melbourne). 9 September 1882. p. 12. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  53. 1 2 "News". Weekly Times (Melbourne). 27 October 1883. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  54. ↑ Pennings 2014, p. 423.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Williams 2000, p. 20.
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Bibliography

Books

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  • Bolton, Geoffrey (2001). "A Cricket Riot in Sydney, 1879". In Headon, David John. The Best Ever Australian Sports Writing: A 200 Year Collection. Black Inc. pp. 39–46. ISBN 9781863952668. 
  • Clowes, Colin (2007). 150 Years of NSW First-class Cricket: A Chronology. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741750829. 
  • Dunstan, Keith (1998). The Paddock that Grew: The Story of the Melbourne Cricket Club. Random House Australia. ISBN 9780091691707. 
  • Gelder, Ken; Weaver, Rachael, eds. (2011). The Anthology of Colonial Australian Adventure Fiction. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 9780522858617. 
  • Hess, Rob; Stewart, Bob (1998). More Than a Game: The Real Story of Australian Rules Football. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 9780522847727. 
  • Field, Hugh (2003). 100 Years of Football: The Story of the Melbourne Football Club, 1858–1958. Wilke & Co. Ltd. 
  • Hess, Rob (2008). A National Game: The History of Australian Rules Football. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-07089-3. 
  • Lazenby, John (2015). The Strangers Who Came Home: The First Australian Cricket Tour of England. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408842881. 
  • Richards, Huw (2011). A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union. Random House. ISBN 9781780573281. 
  • Weston, James (2008). The Australian Game of Football: Since 1858. Geoff Slattery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9803466-6-4. 
  • Pennings, Mark (2012). Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 1: Amateur Heroes and the Rise of Clubs, 1858 to 1876. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN 9781921421471. 
  • Pennings, Mark (2014). Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 2: A Golden Era Begins: Football in 'Marvellous Melbourne', 1877 to 1885. Grumpy Monks Publishing. ISBN 9780646918655. 
  • Piesse, Ken (1995). The Complete Guide to Australian Football. Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 9780330357128. 
  • Tibballs, Geoff (2004). Great Sporting Scandals. Robson. ISBN 9781861056863. 
  • Williams, Ken (2000). For Club and Country. Melbourne Cricket Club Library. ISBN 9780957807402. 

Journals

Webpages

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