Gecko (software)

Gecko
Developer(s) Mozilla Foundation, Mozilla Corporation, Adobe Systems and individual contributors
Repository hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/
Written in C++, JavaScript and Rust
Type Layout engine
License MPL 2.0[1][2]
Website developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Gecko

Gecko is a web browser engine (developed as part of Firefox) used in many applications developed by Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation (notably the Firefox web browser including its mobile version other than iOS devices, and their e-mail client Thunderbird), as well as in many other open source software projects. Gecko is free and open-source software subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License version 2.[3]

It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by different applications to display web pages and, in some cases, an application's user interface itself (by rendering XUL). Gecko offers a rich programming API that makes it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet-enabled applications, such as web browsers, content presentation, and client/server.[4]

Gecko was written in C++ and JavaScript,[5] but since 2016 additionally in Rust;[6][7] and it is made to work for Android,[5] Linux, macOS, and Windows.[8] At least older versions of Gecko have been unofficially ported to e.g. BSDs and Solaris (and ancient versions have been ported to several operating systems), and old versions officially supported e.g. MeeGo. Its development is now overseen by the Mozilla Foundation.

History

Development of the layout engine now known as Gecko began at Netscape in 1997, following the company's purchase of DigitalStyle. The existing Netscape rendering engine, originally written for Netscape Navigator 1.0 and upgraded through the years, was slow, did not comply well with W3C standards, had limited support for dynamic HTML and lacked features such as incremental reflow (when the layout engine rearranges elements on the screen as new data is downloaded and added to the page). The new layout engine was developed in parallel with the old, with the intention being to integrate it into Netscape Communicator when it was mature and stable. At least one more major revision of Netscape was expected to be released with the old layout engine before the switch.

After the launch of the Mozilla project in early 1998, the new layout engine code was released under an open-source license. Originally unveiled as Raptor, the name had to be changed to NGLayout (next generation layout) due to trademark problems. Netscape later rebranded NGLayout as Gecko. While Mozilla Organization (the forerunner of the Mozilla Foundation) initially continued to use the NGLayout name (Gecko was a Netscape trademark),[9] eventually the Gecko branding won out.

In October 1998, Netscape announced that its next browser would use Gecko (which was still called NGLayout at the time) rather than the old layout engine, requiring large parts of the application to be rewritten. While this decision was popular with web standards advocates, it was largely unpopular with Netscape developers, who were unhappy with the six months given for the rewrite.[10] It also meant that most of the work done for Netscape Communicator 5.0 (including development on the Mariner improvements to the old layout engine) had to be abandoned. Netscape 6, the first Netscape release to incorporate Gecko, was released in November 2000 (the name Netscape 5 was never used).

As Gecko development continued, other applications and embedders began to make use of it. America Online, by this time Netscape's parent company, eventually adopted it for use in CompuServe 7.0 and AOL for Mac OS X (these products had previously embedded Internet Explorer). However, with the exception of a few betas, Gecko was never used in the main Microsoft Windows AOL client.

On July 15, 2003, AOL laid off the remaining Gecko developers and the Mozilla Foundation (formed on the same day) became the main steward of Gecko development. Today, Gecko is developed by employees of the Mozilla Corporation, employees of companies that contribute to the Mozilla project, and volunteers.

Standards support

From the outset, Gecko was designed to support open Internet standards. Some of the standards Gecko supports include:

Gecko also partially supports SVG 1.1.[13] The SVG font, color profile, animation, view, and cursor modules are yet to be implemented and the filter and text modules are only partially implemented. The extensibility module is also implemented but is currently disabled.

In order to support web pages designed for legacy versions of Netscape and Internet Explorer, Gecko supports DOCTYPE switching. Documents with a modern DOCTYPE are rendered in standards compliance mode, which follows the W3C standards strictly. Documents that have no DOCTYPE or an older DOCTYPE are rendered in quirks mode, which emulates some of the non-standard oddities of Netscape Communicator 4.x; however, some of the 4.x features (such as layers) are not supported.

Gecko also has limited support for some non-standard Internet Explorer features, such as the marquee element and the document.all property (though pages explicitly testing for document.all will be told it is not supported).

Usage

Gecko is primarily used in web browsers, the earliest being Netscape 6 and Mozilla Suite (later renamed SeaMonkey). It is also used in other Mozilla web browser derivatives such as Firefox and Firefox for mobile and the implementation of the Internet Explorer-clone that is part of Wine.[14] Mozilla also uses it in their Thunderbird email-client and their Firefox OS.

Other web browsers using Gecko include Airfox, Waterfox, K-Meleon, Lunascape, Pale Moon, Portable Firefox, Conkeror, Classilla, TenFourFox, HP Secure Web Browser, Oxygen and Sylera (for mobile).

Other products using Gecko include Nightingale, Instantbird and Google's picture-organization software Picasa (for Linux).[15]

DevHelp, a GTK+/GNOME browser for API documentation, used Gecko for rendering documents.[16]

Gecko is also used by Sugar for the OLPC XO-1 computer.[17] Gecko is used as a complete implementation of the XUL (XML User Interface Language). Gecko currently defines the XUL specification.

Products that have historically used Gecko include Songbird, Epiphany (now known as Web and no longer using Gecko), Sunbird (calendar), and other web browsers including Swiftfox, Flock, Galeon, Camino, Minimo, Beonex Communicator, Kazehakase, and MicroB.

On Windows and similar platforms, Gecko depends on proprietary compilers.[18] Thus, FOSS distributions of Linux can not include the Gecko package used in the Windows compatibility layer Wine.[19]

After Gecko 2.0, the version number was bumped to 5.0 to match Firefox 5, and from then on has been kept in sync with the major version number for both Firefox and Thunderbird,[20] to reflect the fact that it is no longer a separate component.

Bloat

In the Netscape era, a combination of poor technical and management decisions resulted in Gecko software bloat.[10][21][22] Thus in 2001 Apple chose to fork KHTML, not Gecko, to create the WebKit engine for its Safari browser.[21][22] However, by 2008 Mozilla had addressed some of the bloat problems, resulting in big performance improvements for Gecko.[23]

Future

In October 2016 Mozilla announced the Quantum project,[24] which is "the next-generation web engine for Firefox users, building on the Gecko engine as a solid foundation".[25] The plan includes replacing two large Gecko components with those of Mozilla's experimental Servo engine.[25] Mozilla hopes to complete this work by the end of 2017.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/legal/eula/
  2. ↑ "Mozilla Licensing Policies". mozilla.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  3. ↑ "MPL 2 Upgrade". Retrieved 2012-08-18.
  4. ↑ "Embedding Mozilla". Mozilla.org. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  5. 1 2 "Simple Firefox for Android build". Gecko is implemented using C++ and JavaScript.
  6. ↑ https://groups.google.com/forum/m/#!msg/mozilla.dev.platform/Gzwh1IbxvHE/7RlO21I6DwAJ
  7. ↑ http://www.infoworld.com/article/3165424/web-browsers/mozilla-binds-firefoxs-fate-to-the-rust-language.html
  8. ↑ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Gecko/FAQ
  9. ↑ "nglayout project: identity crisis". Mozilla.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  10. 1 2 Jorge O. Castro (2004-06-15). "Ars Technica sits down with Scott Collins from Mozilla.org". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  11. ↑ "Mozilla CSS support chart". Developer.mozilla.org. 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  12. ↑ "ECMAScript 5 support in Mozilla". Developer.mozilla.org. 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  13. ↑ "Mozilla SVG Status". Mozilla.org. 2012-08-25. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  14. ↑ "IE Uses Gecko Under Wine". Wine Wiki. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  15. ↑ "Picasa 3.0 for Linux". Google. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  16. ↑ "Official package devhelp (0.19.1-6 and others) on Debian Lenny". Debian Project. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  17. ↑ Martens, China (2007-01-03). "One Laptop Per Child readies 'Sugar' interface". IDG News Service. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  18. ↑ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Developer_guide/Build_Instructions/Windows_Prerequisites
  19. ↑ http://wiki.jswindle.com/index.php/Fedora#Working_Wine Archived June 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ "Gecko versions and application versions". MDN. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
  21. 1 2 Paul Festa (2003-01-14). "Apple snub stings Mozilla". CNET Networks. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  22. 1 2 David Baron (2003-01-09). "Thursday 2003-01-09". David Baron's weblog. self-published. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  23. ↑ Ryan Paul (2008-09-09). "Why Mozilla is committed to Gecko as WebKit popularity grows". Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  24. 1 2 Cimpanu, Catalin. "Mozilla Announces Quantum, a New Browser Engine for Firefox". softpedia. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  25. 1 2 https://wiki.mozilla.org/Quantum
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