Gabriel Auphan

Counter-admiral Gabriel Paul Auphan (November 4, 1894, Alès – April 16, 1982) (French: Gabriel Auphan) was a French naval officer who became the State Secretary of the Navy (French: secrétaire d'État à la Marine) of the Vichy government from April to November 1942.

Naval officer

Entered the École navale on October 1911, enseigne de vaisseau in October 1914, he served on board Jeanne-d'Arc in the northern squadron, then in April 1915, in the Mediterranean where he participated to operations in the Dardanelles.

In September 1915, assigned to the intelligence service established in an island in the Levantine Mediterranean, he organized a network covering the entire Levant. He continued to lead this mission as of August 1916, as second in command of aviso Laborieux, then at Kastelórizo on the coast of Anatolia.

Second in command of submarine Verrier in September 1917, he participated to campaigns in the Adriatic until the end of the war. On January 1919, he was sent to Rijeka to serve in the intelligence service, then in Egypt and Lebanon. Lieutenant de Vaisseau in June 1919, he commanded the submarine Le Verrier in the Mediterranean (1920–1922), and wrote studies of analysis on the role of torpilleurs during the Battle of Jutland and the employment of tactical submarines engaged in chases by groups in which he advocated the anticipation of ideas which were later realized by Admiral Donitz during the Second World War.

Assigned in June 1922 to the État-Major général de la marine (French: Chef d'état-major de la Marine), he launched the construction of submarine Requin Class. Apprentice at École de guerre navale (1923–1924), he commanded in 1925, submarine Fulton in the Mediterranean. Capitaine de corvette in January 1927, he was assigned in the previous November to the cabinet of Georges Leygues, minister of the Navy (French: Ministre de la Marine), where he particularly worked towards the specific enacting of the organic decree of April 22, 1927 which reorganized the navy.

Commandant the torpilleur Palme in the Mediterranean in 1929, Capitaine de frigate in April 1930, he was tasked to manage and run the application school of the enseignes de vaisseau embarked on board the 1st Light Division which replaced in provision the Jeanne-d'Arc and conducted accordingly a long campaign on the African coasts, Antilles and the Mediterranean. He commanded then the contre-torpilleurs Guépard (1931) and Jaguar (1932) in squadron in the Mediterranean.

Director of the center of studies and second in command of the École navale at Brest in 1933, he served then in the cabinet of François Piétri, minister of the Navy (French: Ministre de la Marine) (1934–1935), then commanded croiseur Émile-Bertin in squadron in the Atlantic. Capitaine de Vaisseau in October 1936, he received in October 1937 the command of the Jean-d'Arc and the application school of the enseignes de vaisseau with whom he conducted a tour around the world (1937–1938) and a second campaign in the Atlantic and the Pacific. He exercised the functions of military governor of Polynesia (1938–1939). He was accordingly assigned to studies section of the État-Major general. In preparation of the war which was in announcement, he was sent to London to coordinate future operations with the état-major of the Royal Navy. He held his own views regarding the evacuation at Dunkirk or by Operation Catapult.

Second chief in command of general headquarter staff of maritime forces (French: Sous-chef d'état-major des forces maritimes) in October 1939, he assumed with Admirals François Darlan (French: François Darlan), Maurice Le Luc (French: Maurice Le Luc) and Négadelle (French: Négadelle), the reception of various convoys from outre-mer.

At the service of Vichy

At Vichy, the counter-admiral Auphan was part of the tenant groups which harbored a political view of attentisme (the act of waiting and refraining until situations become more clear and precise). Designated as chief of the headquarter staff of maritime forces (French: chef d'état-major des forces maritimes) on August 1941, he maintained contact with the American diplomatic representation to Vichy by transmitting various couriers. State Secretary of the Navy (French: Secrétaire d'État à la Marine) as of April 1942, he opposed the demanding German requirements related to materials of merchant tonnage, showing off, with French Army general Maxime Weygand, assuming staunching positions of opposition to the politics of collaboration at the corps of the government. Partisan of a suspension of combats between French and Americans during the Anglo-American disembarking of November 8, 1942 in North Africa, he opposed those who wanted to continue to mount combats along the Germans.

On November 11, 1942, chef d'état major, counter-admiral Auphan ordered the two admirals of Toulon to:

• oppose, without shedding blood, the entry of foreign troops in the establishments, the aerial bases, and naval auxiliaries;
• oppose similarly the entry of foreign troops on board of the fleet's naval vessels; by local negotiations, effort one self to arrive to a mutual accord;
• in case impossible, scuttle the fleet.

This last solution which was applied, on the night of November 26 and 27, 1942, when admirals André Marquis (French: André Marquis), maritime prefect and Jean de Laborde (French: Jean de Laborde), commanding forces of the high-seas, heard that the Germans were moving forward to attempt to make way with the fleet (French: tenter un coup de main sur la flotte).

After having incited without success Philippe Pétain to leave the metropolis, he tendered his resignation on November 18, 1942.

He was tasked with, on August 11, 1944, by marshal Pétain, towards a political step near by général de Gaulle (French: Charles de Gaulle). He was not received and was accordingly arrested.

At the Liberation

On August 14, 1946, he was judged and condemned in absentia to forced labor, degradation national for life, and confiscation of his properties. On July 19 and 20, 1955, a second hearing, condemned him only for five years in prison with probationary measure and five years of degradation national. In 1956, the State Council gave him back his rank and rights for pension.

After 1945

The Counter-admiral Auphan dedicated his life later to writings: a close figure to général Maxime Weygand (French: Weygand) or colonel Remy (French: colonel Remy), he published his souvenirs, and defended his views, remaining loyal to the memories of Marshal Philippe Pétain. The Counter-admiral Auphan was a member of the Association of Catholic writers until his death, in 1982.

Publications

• La Lutte pour la vie 1940–1942 ou La Marine au service des Français (1947)
• Mensonges et vérité – Essai sur la France (1949)
• Les grimaces de l'histoire et l'histoire de mes trahisons (1951)
• Les échéances de l'histoire ou l'éclatement des empires coloniaux de l'Occident (1952)
• Le Drame de la désunion européenne (1955)
• La Marine dans l'histoire de France (1955)
• La Marine française dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1958)
• Histoire de la Méditerranée (1962)
• Histoire élémentaire de Vichy (1971)
• Histoire de la décolonisation (1975)
• L'honneur de servir (1978)
• Au service de l'Église (1988)

See also

• List of submarines of France
  • 1500-ton class submarines
• Georges Cabanier

References

Sources

• Paul Auphan, Contre-amiral Auphan et Jacques Mordal. La Marine française dans la seconde guerre mondiale, Ed. France-Empire, Paris, 1967, 651 p.
• Jacques Mordal, La Marine à l'épreuve : de l'armistice de 1940 au procès Auphan, Édition d'histoire et d'art, Plon, Paris, 1956, 251 p.
• La marine de Vichy : blocus et collaboration, juin 1940-novembre 1942, Bernard Costagliola, Paris, Tallandier, 2009, pages total pages 433|ISBN 978-2-847-34630-5|ISBN2 2-847-34630-9.
• Jean-Baptiste Bruneau, " La Marine, cité terrestre du contre-amiral Auphan ", Revue d'Histoire Maritime. La puissance navale, n°16, 2013, p 51-64.