Minigun

Machine Gun, High Rate, 7.62mm, M134

Dillon Aero's M134D-H (H for Hybrid) combines the titanium and skeletonized parts that were engineered for use in the M134D-T minigun with the steel housing of the previous M134D.
Type Rotary machine gun
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service 1963–present
Used by See Users below
Wars War in Afghanistan[1][2]
Production history
Designer General Electric
Designed 1960
Manufacturer General Electric, DeGroat Tactical Armaments, Dillon Aero, Garwood Industries, Profense
Produced 1962–present
Variants See Design and variants below
Specifications
Weight 85 lb (39 kg) (41 lb (19 kg) lightweight mod.)
Length 801.6 mm (31.56 in)
Barrel length 558.8 mm (22.00 in)
Cartridge 7.62×51mm NATO
Caliber 7.62 mm (0.308 in)
Barrels 6
Action Electrically driven rotary breech
Rate of fire Variable, 2,000–6,000 rpm
Muzzle velocity 2,800 ft/s (853 m/s)
Maximum firing range 3,280 ft (1,000 m, 1,093 yd)
Feed system Cartridge on disintegrating link belt or linkless feed; dependent on installation [500-5,000-round belt]
Sights Dependent on installation; no fixed sights

The M134 Minigun is a 7.62×51mm NATO, six-barrel rotary machine gun with a high rate of fire (2,000 to 6,000 rounds per minute) which can also fire at a high sustained rate.[3] It features Gatling-style rotating barrels with an external power source, normally an electric motor. The "Mini" in the name is in comparison to larger caliber designs that use a rotary barrel design, such as General Electric's earlier 20-millimeter M61 Vulcan, and "gun" for the use of rifle caliber bullets as opposed to autocannon shells.

The Minigun is used by several branches of the U.S. military. Versions are designated M134 and XM196 by the United States Army, and GAU-2/A and GAU-17/A by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy.

"Minigun" refers to a specific model of weapon that General Electric originally produced, but the term "minigun" has popularly come to refer to any externally powered rotary-style gun of rifle caliber. The term is sometimes used loosely to refer to guns of similar rates of fire and configuration regardless of power source and caliber.

History

Background: electrically driven Gatling gun

The ancestor to the modern minigun was a hand cranked mechanical device invented in the 1860s by Richard Jordan Gatling. Gatling later replaced the hand-cranked mechanism of a rifle-caliber Gatling gun with an electric motor, a relatively new invention at the time. Even after Gatling slowed down the mechanism, the new electric-powered Gatling gun had a theoretical rate of fire of 3,000 rounds per minute, roughly three times the rate of a typical modern, single-barreled machine gun. Gatling's electric-powered design received U.S. Patent #502,185 on July 25, 1893.[4] Despite Gatling's improvements, the Gatling gun fell into disuse after cheaper, lighter-weight, recoil and gas operated machine guns were invented; Gatling himself went bankrupt for a period.[5]

During World War I, several German companies were working on externally powered guns for use in aircraft. Of those, the best-known today is perhaps the Fokker-Leimberger, an externally powered 12-barrel rotary gun using the 7.92×57mm Mauser round; it was claimed to be capable of firing over 7,000 rpm, but suffered from frequent cartridge-case ruptures[6] due to its "nutcracker", rotary split-breech design, which is fairly different from that of a Gatling.[7] None of these German guns went into production during the war, although a competing Siemens prototype (possibly using a different action) which was tried on the Western Front scored a victory in aerial combat.[6] The British also experimented with this type of split-breech during the 1950s, but they were also unsuccessful.[8]

Minigun: 1960s–Vietnam

In the 1960s, the United States Armed Forces began exploring modern variants of the electric-powered, rotating barrel Gatling-style weapons for use in the Vietnam War. American forces in the Vietnam War, which used helicopters as one of the primary means of transporting soldiers and equipment through the dense jungle, found that the thin-skinned helicopters were very vulnerable to small arms fire and rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) attacks when they slowed down to land. Although helicopters had mounted single-barrel machine guns, using them to repel attackers hidden in the dense jungle foliage often led to barrels overheating or cartridge jams.[9][10]

A U.S. Air Force rotary-wing crewman fires a minigun during the Vietnam War.

In order to develop a weapon with a more reliable, higher rate of fire, General Electric designers scaled down the rotating-barrel 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon for 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. The resulting weapon, designated M134 and known popularly as the Minigun, could fire up to 4,000 rounds per minute without overheating. The gun was originally specified to fire at 6,000 rpm, but this was later lowered to 4,000 rpm.

The Minigun was mounted on Hughes OH-6 Cayuse and Bell OH-58 Kiowa side pods; in the turret and on pylon pods of Bell AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters; and on door, pylon and pod mounts on Bell UH-1 Iroquois transport helicopters. Several larger aircraft were outfitted with miniguns specifically for close air support: the Cessna A-37 Dragonfly with an internal gun and with pods on wing hardpoints; and the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, also with pods on wing hardpoints. Other famous gunship airplanes were the Douglas AC-47 Spooky, the Fairchild AC-119, and the Lockheed AC-130.[11]

Dillon Aero minigun

The U.S. government had procured some 10,000 miniguns during the Vietnam War. By 1975, production of spare parts had ceased with the Army in possession of a large inventory. By 1985, there were few spares left in the inventory. Units that received miniguns could not maintain them, so by the 1990s only Task Force 160 (later named the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) or 160th SOAR) and some Navy Special Boat Units kept them in regular use. Around 1995, the 160th SOAR began acquiring spare miniguns. Industry had a difficult time reproducing parts according to the original blueprints, so models that were being procured were mechanically unreliable and mixed with the inventory of working spares. This resulted in using a mixed batch of working and unreliable weapons. This fact was unknown to the 160th SOAR, and the use of miniguns that would not work shook the unit's confidence in the system. The 160th was on the verge of dropping the Minigun from its inventory entirely, which would essentially have ended its service life in the U.S. military.[12]

Around 1990, Dillon Aero acquired a large number of miniguns and spares from "a foreign user". The guns kept failing to shoot continuously, revealing that they were actually worn-out weapons. The company decided to fix the problems encountered, rather than simply putting the guns into storage. Fixing failure problems ended up improving the minigun's overall design.[12] Dillon's efforts to improve the minigun reached the 160th SOAR, and Dillon was invited to Fort Campbell, Kentucky to demonstrate its products. A delinker–used to separate cartridges from ammunition belts and feed them into the gun housing–; and other parts were tested on Campbell's ranges. The 160th SOAR liked the delinker's performance and began ordering them by 1997. This prompted Dillon to improve other design aspects, including the bolt, housing and barrel. Between 1997 and 2001, Dillon Aero was producing 25–30 products a year. In 2001, it was working on a new bolt design that increased performance and service life. By 2002 virtually every component of the minigun had been improved, so Dillon began producing complete weapons with improved components. The guns were purchased quickly by the 160th SOAR as its standardized weapon system. The gun then went through the Army's formal procurement system approval process and in 2003 the Dillon Aero minigun was certified and designated M134D.[12]

The core of the M134D was a steel housing and steel rotor. To focus on weight reduction, a titanium housing and rotor were introduced, creating the M134D-T. This reduced weight from 62 pounds (28 kg) to 41 pounds (19 kg). The gun housing had a 500,000 round lifespan before it wore out, which was higher than a conventional machine gun's 40,000 round lifespan but was a reduced time for a rotary gun. A hybrid of the two weapons resulted in the M134D-H, which had a steel housing and titanium rotor. It was cheaper with the steel component, was only one pound (450 grams) heavier than the M134D-T, and had an increased lifespan of 1 million rounds.[13] The M134D-H is currently in use on various 160th Regiment platforms.[12]

Dillon also created specialized mounts and ammunition-handling systems. Initially, mounts were only made for aviation systems. Then from 2003 to 2005, the Navy began mounting Dillon miniguns on specialized small boats. In 2005, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division procured guns to mount on Humvees. In Iraq, US Army Special Forces units on the ground were frequently engaged by opposition forces, so they mounted M134D miniguns on their vehicles for additional firepower. After several engagements the attackers seemed to avoid vehicles with miniguns. Later the Special Forces units began concealing their weapons so opposition troops would not know which weapon they were facing.[12]

Garwood Industries minigun

Garwood Industries created the M134G version with several modifications to the original GE system. The optimum rate of fire was determined by Garwood to be around 3,200 rounds per minute (rpm). The M134G is being produced with this firing rate as well as 4,000 rpm and the previous standard 3,000 rpm rate.[14]

Garwood Industries made several other modifications to the 1960s Minigun design in order to meet modern day military and ISO standards.[14] This includes modifications to the drive motor, feeder and barrel clutch assembly.[15]

Design and variants

A Royal Navy minigun, separated from mounting and ammunition

The basic minigun is a six-barrel, air-cooled, and electrically driven rotary machine gun. The electric drive rotates the weapon within its housing, with a rotating firing pin assembly and rotary chamber.[16] The minigun's multi-barrel design helps prevent overheating, but also serves other functions. Multiple barrels allow for a greater capacity for a high firing rate, since the serial process of firing/extraction/loading is taking place in all barrels simultaneously. Thus, as one barrel fires, two others are in different stages of shell extraction and another three are being loaded. The minigun is composed of multiple closed-bolt rifle barrels arranged in a circular housing. The barrels are rotated by an external power source, usually electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic. Other rotating-barrel cannons are powered by the gas pressure or recoil energy of fired cartridges. A gas-operated variant, designated XM133, was also developed.[17] It is nearly identical but has barrels with ports that align with the piston drive in the center of the barrel cluster. It fired over 3000 rpm but was not put into production.

While the weapon can feed from linked ammunition, it requires a delinking feeder to strip the links as the rounds are introduced to the chambers. The original feeder unit was designated MAU-56/A, but has since been replaced by an improved MAU-201/A unit.[18]

A U.S. Navy Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) firing a Minigun at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, August 2009

The General Electric minigun is in use in several branches of the U.S. military, under a number of designations. The basic fixed armament version was given the designation M134 by the United States Army, while the same weapon was designated GAU-2/A (on a fixed mount) and GAU-17/A (flexible mount) by the United States Air Force (USAF) and United States Navy (USN). The USAF minigun variant has three versions, while the US Army weapon appears to have incorporated several improvements without a change in designation. The M134D is an improved version of the M134 designed and manufactured by Dillon Aero,[19] while Garwood Industries manufactures the M134G variant.[20] Available sources show a relation between both M134 and GAU-2/A and M134 and GAU-2B/A.[21][22] A separate variant, designated XM196, with an added ejection sprocket was developed specifically for the XM53 Armament Subsystem on the Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne helicopter.[23]

Another variant was developed by the USAF specifically for flexible installations, beginning primarily with the Bell UH-1N Twin Huey helicopter, as the GAU-17/A. Produced by General Dynamics, this version has a slotted flash hider. The primary end users of the GAU-17/A have been the USN and the United States Marine Corps (USMC), which mount the gun as defensive armament on a number of helicopters and surface ships. GAU-17/As from helicopters were rushed into service for ships on pintle mountings taken from Mk16 20 mm guns for anti-swarm protection in the Gulf ahead of the 2003 Iraq War - 59 systems were installed in 30 days.[24] The GAU-17/A is designated Mk 44 in the machine gun series[24] and is generally known as the Mk 44 when installed on British warships.

The weapon is part of both the A/A49E-11 armament system on the UH-1N; and of the A/A49E-13 armament subsystem on the USAF Sikorsky HH-60H Pave Hawk helicopter. The weapons on these systems feature a selectable fire rate of either 2,000 or 4,000 rpm. There is mention of a possible GAUSE-17 designation (GAU-Shipboard Equipment-17), in reference to the system when mounted on surface ships, though this would not follow the official ASETDS designation system's format.[25][26]

FAST Marine firing a GAUSE-17/A minigun
GAU-17/A
US Army designation US Air Force designation US Navy designation Description
XM134/M134 GAU-2/A N/A 7.62×51mm NATO GE "Minigun" 6-barreled machine gun
N/A GAU-2A/A N/A GAU-2/A variant; unknown differences
M134 GAU-2B/A Mk 25 Mod 0 GAU-2A/A variant; unknown differences
N/A GAU-17/A N/A GAU-2B/A variant; optimized for flexible use, uses either an MAU-201/A or MAU-56/A delinking feeder.
XM214 Microgun N/A N/A Scaled-down variant of the XM134 firing the 5.56×45mm NATO round.
XM196 N/A N/A M134/GAU-2B/A variant; housing modified by addition of an ejection sprocket; for use in the XM53 armament subsystem on the AH-56 helicopter

Gun pods and other aircraft mounts

SUU-11/A pod in the cargo door of an AC-47

One of the first applications of the weapon was in aircraft armament pods. These gun pods were used by a wide variety of fixed and rotary wing aircraft mainly during the Vietnam War, remaining in inventory for a period afterward. The standard pod, designated SUU-11/A by the Air Force and M18 by the U.S. Army, was a relatively simple unit, completely self-contained, with a 1,500-round magazine directly feeding delinked ammunition into the weapon. This means the Minigun fitted to the pod does not require the standard MAU-56/A delinking feeder unit.[27] A number of variations of this pod exist.

Initially on fixed-wing gunships such as the Douglas AC-47 Spooky and Fairchild AC-119, the side-firing armament was fitted by combining SUU-11/A aircraft pods, often with their aerodynamic front fairings removed, with a locally fabricated mount. These pods were essentially unmodified, required no external power, and were linked to the aircraft's fire controls. The need for those pods for other missions led to the development and fielding of a purpose built "Minigun module" for gunship use, designated the MXU-470/A. These units first arrived in January 1967 with features such as an improved 2,000-round drum and electric feeder allowing simplified reloading in flight. The initial units were unreliable and were withdrawn almost immediately.[28] By the end of the year, however, the difficulties had been worked out and the units were again being fitted to AC-47s, AC-119s, AC-130s, and even being proposed for lighter aircraft such as the Cessna O-2 Skymaster.[29] A fit of two MXU-470/As was also tested on the Fairchild AU-23A Peacemaker, though the Royal Thai Air Force later elected to use another configuration with the M197 20 mm cannon.[30]

In September 2013, Dillon Aero released the DGP2300 gun pod for the M134D-H. It contains 3,000 rounds, enough ammunition to fire the minigun for a full minute. The system is entirely self-contained, so it can be mounted on any aircraft that can handle the weight, rotational torque, and recoil force (190 lb (86 kg)) of the gun. The pod has its own battery which can be wired into the aircraft's electrical system to maintain a charge.[31]

MXU-470/A modules in an AC-47
Douglas AC-47 Spooky with SUU-11/A pods at Nha Trang Air Base in South Vietnam
US Army designation US Air Force designation Description
XM18 SUU-11/A Gun pod fitted with the GAU-2/A/M134 7.62 mm machine gun and fixed rate of fire of 4,000 RPM[32]
XM18E1/M18 SUU-11A/A SUU-11/A/XM18 variant; various improvements including additional auxiliary power and selectable fire-rate capability (2,000 or 4,000 RPM)[33]
M18E1/A1 SUU-11B/A SUU-11A/A/M18 variant; differences modified selectable fire-rate capability (3,000 or 6,000 RPM)[21]
N/A MXU-470/A Emerson Electric module for mounting a GAU-2B/A minigun; used in AC-47, AC-119G/K, and AC-130A/E/H aircraft

Various iterations of the minigun have also been used in a number of armament subsystems for helicopters, with most of these subsystems being created by the United States. The first systems utilized the weapon in a forward firing role for a variety of helicopters, some of the most prominent examples being the M21 armament subsystem for the UH-1 and the M27 for the OH-6. It also formed the primary turret-mounted armament for a number of members of the Bell AH-1 Cobra family. The weapon was also used as a pintle-mounted door gun on a wide variety of transport helicopters, a role it continues to serve in today.

US Navy designation Description
Mk 77 Mod 0 Machine gun mount for the GAU-2/Mk 25 Mod 0/GAU-17 series of machine guns; deck mount applications

Users

A distinctive invention of fiction is the hand-held M134 minigun, a concept which was popularized by the 1980s-90s films Predator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day, wielded by Jesse Ventura/Bill Duke and Arnold Schwarzenegger respectively, and decades later still appears in video games and films such as Captain America: The Winter Soldier and Furious 7 (the latter where it is fired by Dwayne Johnson).[42][43]

Behind the scenes the armorers slowed down the M134 minigun's rate of fire to conserve ammo (as well as making the spinning barrels visible to the movie audience), with a hidden power cable for the firing scenes, and using blank ammo to ease recoil. Nonetheless the resultant prop is still extremely physically demanding, hence the actors wielding it were physically imposing and often had bodybuilding backgrounds. Generally such depictions will totally ignore the weapon's need for external power, and sometimes even forget it requires a source of ammunition. In actuality, a man-portable M134 minigun would be near impossible, and highly impractical for a human being to either carry or operate. A down-scaled version of the M134, the XM214 Microgun, never reached production status for such reasons.[44]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQKMxBkU994
  2. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWdw81A_qUA
  3. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLEGE7k9FD4 US Military M134D Gatling Machine Gun
  4. ↑ "U.S. Patent 502185 Gatling Gun". Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  5. ↑ Chivers, C. J. (2010). The Gun. Simon & Schuster. pp. 116–119. ISBN 978-1-4391-9653-3.
  6. 1 2 Weyl, A. R. (8 March 1957). "Motor-guns—a Flashback to 1914-18". Flight. 71 (2511): 313–314. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  7. ↑ Williams, Anthony G. (8 November 2005). "Split Breech Guns: The Nutcracker and the 40mm Mk 18". Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.
  8. ↑ Williams, Anthony G.; Gustin, Emmanuel (2005). Flying Guns of the Modern Era. Crowood. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-86126-655-2.
  9. ↑
  10. ↑
  11. ↑
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Gourley, Scott W. (30 May 2013). "The Evolution of the M134D Minigun". Defense Media Network. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Hybrid M134D-H: M134 Gun Systems". Dillon Aero. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  14. 1 2 "Garwood Industries M134G Minigun". The Bang Switch. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  15. ↑ "M134G Gun Control Unit". Garwood Industries. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  16. ↑ United States, 1969. p. D-37-8
  17. ↑ United States, 1969. p. B-2.
  18. ↑ United States, 1969. p. C-31.
  19. ↑ "Standard M134D". Dillon Aero. 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  20. ↑ "Garwood Industries M134G Minigun". Garwood Industries. 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  21. 1 2 Jane's, 1986. pp. 453–4
  22. ↑ Gunston, 1988. pp. 188–9.
  23. ↑ "U.S. Army Helicopter Weapons". U.S. Army TACOM-RI. 24 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
  24. 1 2 Friedman, Norman (2006). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems. Naval Institute Press. p. 491. ISBN 9781557502629.
  25. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony (30 October 2006). "USA 0.30 caliber (7.62 mm) Minigun". NavWeaps.com. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  26. ↑ Parsch, Andreas (23 June 2006). "Designations Of U.S. Aeronautical and Support Equipment". Designation-Systems.net. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  27. ↑ United States, 1969, p. G-1-3
  28. ↑ Ballad, 1982. p. 57
  29. ↑ Ballad, 1982. pp. 77, 251
  30. ↑ Davis, 1982, p. 62
  31. ↑ "You Call That High Capacity?". Thefirearmblog.com. 11 September 2013.
  32. ↑ United States, 1969. p. G-1
  33. ↑ United States, 1969. p. G-3
  34. ↑ "RAL 7013 - Bell OH-58B Kiowa". doppeladler.com (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  35. ↑ Kammonen, Teemu (3 August 2012). "Puolustusvoimien uusi ase: M134D "Minigun"". Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  36. ↑ "Armament of the Georgian Army". geo-army.ge. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  37. ↑ http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--gKL6b6PwmY/VTX7T2DyCBI/AAAAAAAAVks/gVrY4x5Vbn0/s1600/Iran%2BSamandar%2Bwith%2BAkhgar.jpg
  38. ↑ "En Enero el Ejercito Mexicano recibira 400 full Kits M-134 minigun para Hummvees y Cheyenne" (in Spanish). Todopormexico.foroactivo.com.mx. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  39. ↑ "Perú inspecciona las ametralladoras M-134D adquiridas a Dillon Aero". Infodefensa.com (in Spanish). 25 April 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  40. ↑ "Miniguny w końcu kupione". Altair Agencja Lotnicza (in Polish). 11 January 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  41. ↑ Hogg, Ian (1989). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989–90 (15th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 351. ISBN 0-7106-0889-6.
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑

Sources

  • Ballad, Jack S. Development and Employment of Fixed-Wing Gunships, 1962–1972. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, 1982.
  • Davis, Larry. Gunships: A Pictorial History of Spooky. TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1982. ISBN 0-89747-123-7
  • Gervasi, Tom. Arsenal of Democracy III: America's War Machine, the Pursuit of Global Dominance. New York, NY: Grove Press, Inc, 1984. ISBN 0-394-54102-2.
  • Gunston, Bill. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Armament. New York, NY: Orion Books, 1988. ISBN 0-517-56607-9.
  • Jane's Weapon Systems, 1986–1987. Ronald T Pretty, Ed. London, UK: Jane's Publishing Company, Ltd, 1986. ISBN 0-7106-0832-2
  • United States. Headquarters, Department of the Army. FM 1–40 Attack Helicopter Gunnery. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1969.
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