Furnas

Furnas
Civil Parish
The Furnas Valley and town, as seen from the Pico do Gaspar Belvedere
Official name: Freguesia das Furnas
Name origin: Portuguese for caverns
Country  Portugal
Autonomous Region  Azores
Island São Miguel
Municipality Povação
Center Furnas
 - elevation 207 m (679 ft)
 - coordinates 37°46′20″N 25°18′47″W / 37.77222°N 25.31306°W / 37.77222; -25.31306Coordinates: 37°46′20″N 25°18′47″W / 37.77222°N 25.31306°W / 37.77222; -25.31306
Highest point Pico do Salto do Cavalo
 - elevation 723.7 m (2,374 ft)
 - coordinates 37°47′20″N 25°17′22″W / 37.78889°N 25.28944°W / 37.78889; -25.28944
Lowest point Sea Level
 - location Atlantic Ocean
Area 34.43 km2 (13 sq mi)
 - land 31.7 km2 (12 sq mi)
 - water 1.94 km2 (1 sq mi)
 - urban .79 km2 (0 sq mi)
Population 1,439 (2011)
Density 42/km2 (109/sq mi)
Settlement fl. 1522
LAU Junta Freguesia
 - location Rua Enginheiro Clemente Soares Chão da Ribeira
 - elevation 204 m (669 ft)
 - coordinates 37°46′35″N 25°18′50″W / 37.77639°N 25.31389°W / 37.77639; -25.31389
President Junta Delmar Carvalho Medeiros
President Assembleia Antonio Jose Carvalho (PSD)
Timezone Azores (UTC-1)
 - summer (DST) Azores (UTC0)
Postal Zone 9675-012
Area Code & Prefix (+351) 292 XXX-XXXX
Demonym Furnense
Patron Saint Nossa Senhora da Luz
Wikimedia Commons: Furnas (Ponta Delgada)
Website: http://www.jffurnas.com/
Statistics from INE (2001); geographic detail from Instituto Geográfico Português (2010)

Furnas is a civil parish in the municipality of Povoação on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,439,[1] in an area of 34.43 km².[2] The parish is one of the largest in the island and in the Azores. It is located east of Lagoa and Ponta Delgada, west of Povoação and southeast of Ribeira Grande.

History

One of the earliest references to Furnas came from the harvesting of trees in the valley of Furnas, in order to assist the construction of many of the homes destroyed by the 1522 earthquakes and landslides in Vila Franca do Campo. This includes numerous trees used to rebuild the parochial church, a project begun by Donatary-Captain Rui Gonçalves da Câmara. In 1553, his predecessor Manuel da Câmara, issued an edict to re-plant these trees after the area was nearly deforested, and roadways were expanded under his son, Rui Gonçalves da Câmara, in order to develop the area, allowing cattle herding in the valley after 1577.[3]

Still during the tenure of Manuel da Câmara, a chapel was constructed to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Consolação (Our Lady of Consolation) in 1613, and small residence built for the local priest (who was responsible for masses and the lighting of a lamp in the sacristy). More homes soon appeared in this area around 1615, and a small convent was constructed near the chapel. In 1630, as a consequence of a volcanic eruption in the valley, the area was abandoned. But, new settlers quickly returned to the Furnas valley (mostly from Ponta Garça, Povoação, Vila Franca and Maia) as the land became fertile and better able to sustain a larger population. New roads were constructed on orders between 1682–83, donated by the Baron of Larangeiras.[4]

Even isolated in the interior, the village continued to be vulnerable to pirate attacks. In 1679, Algerian pirates (from the Barbary coast) landed in the Portinho de Agrião, sacked the coastal village of Ribeira Quente, and proceeded to the interior, where the robbed several rams from the valley before returning to the coast. José Pereira Sodré, a resident near Agrião petitioned the governor of São Miguel for one of the canons that existed at the city hall in Vila Franca; he intended that the armament would be used to defend the area from future attacks: it was rejected.[5]

In 1832, an unknown English settler purchased a large parcel around the crater lake to build a home, but unfortunately abandoned it and sold it to the English Consul-General at Ponta Delgada, named Vines, in 1855. There Mr. Vines constructed a summer home, with garden, which he named Grená in honour of his wife's familial relations: his spouse was the niece of Daniel O´Connell (who organized the Catholic movement in Ireland) and stayed at their Irish relatives' home, also called Grená. Upon Consul Vine's death, the home was used by a London surgeon named Hinton (who was a publisher of many works on hygiene and hearing), since Catherine Vine did not wish to return to Furnas. After Hinton's death in 1875, the home was used by Jorge Brown, who exploited the home as a hotel for summer tourists for several years. During this period many travellers stayed at the hotel, including Alice Baker (who wrote "A Summer in the Azores with a Glimpse of Madeira") and others who produced literary and scientific reviews of the region. In 1882, Grená was sold by Catherine Vine's son to Jorge Hayes, following the death of Jorge Brown in the same year. It was occupied by José do Canto while his home and chapel were being constructed on the other side of the lake.

In June 1840, the population of the valley of Furnas numbered 1320 inhabitants scattered in 334 homes throughout the basin.[6]

Geography

Physical geography

One of the many geysers, hot-springs and fumaroles scattered in the center of the village of Furnas
Furnas
Vale das Furnas

Hot-springs in the central village of Furnas, São Miguel
Highest point
Elevation 198 m (650 ft)
Prominence 795 m (2,608 ft)
Coordinates 37°46′21″N 25°18′14″W / 37.77250°N 25.30389°W / 37.77250; -25.30389 
Geography
Location São Miguel, Azores
Parent range Volcanic Complex of Furnas
Geology
Age of rock 30000
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt Volcanic arc
Last eruption September to November 1630

Furnas is located in the easternmost of three active trachytic volcanoes on the island of São Miguel, in the historically active Volcanic Complex of Furnas. With a complicated 100,000 year history, the central caldera of the Furnas Volcano is a naturally explosive trachyte structure composed of two main calderas, that through formation, collapse and explosion have marked the natural history of the massif.[7] The oldest caldera has a diameter of approximately 7*5.5 km whose escarpment cuts the lava structures of the neighbouring Volcanic Complex of Povoação to the north and northeast and southeast to valley of Ribeira Quente.[7] The second caldera (4.5*3.5 km diameter) dates back 35000 years (the youngest caldera) and is geomorphologically identifiable by the 200 metre wall to the north and northwest.[7] Within the caldera are numerous pumice cones and maars resulting from Plinian and Phreto-plinian eruptions from 5000 years.[7]

Owing to the existence of a population of several thousand people living within and around its caldera it is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in archipelago.[8] Throughout its history, volcanic activity at Furnas has been essentially explosive but eruptive styles have varied from mild effusive activity to at least two caldera-forming eruptions 30,000 and 12,000-10,000 years ago. It is considered very active, since ten sub-Plinian eruptions have occurred within the past 5,000 years, producing a total area of 0.9 kilometres square of fairly homogeneous trachytic magma. The first known historical eruption occurred in 1440, just after early settlers started populating the coasts of São Miguel. The latest eruption occurred after the settlement of the Azores archipelago in 1630 A.D., and caused the deaths of 200 people. Eruptions of the Upper Furnas Group were mainly characterised by alternating episodes of magmatic and phreatomagmatic activity producing deposits of inter-bedded volcanic ash and lapilli that overlie the widespread main deposits from the adjacent Fogo volcano. At least three of these eruptions were accompanied by trachyte dome extrusions in the final phases of the eruption.

The western of the two calderas is partially filled by a crater lake, Lagoa das Furnas, at an elevation of 359 metres (1,178 ft) and populated by several fumaroles and mud pools are located at the northern part of the lake. In the central part of the village, springs and geysers are prevalent; thirty springs, each of differing temperatures and chemical compositions, including warm iron-rich streams and piped examples of mineral-rich warm and cold water. The geysers are situated in several basins rich in sodium bicarbonate, boron, fluorine and traces of carbon dioxide. The local inhabitants cook corn-type dishes in the geysers. The installations of hydrotherapy are in the park and were built in the 19th century.

Economy

Remotely, the principal economy in the valley was the production of honey and wax: Jesuit priests had introduced this activity originally, producing a barrel or one-and-a-half barrels annually. Valley farmers also routinely cultivated wheat and legumes, taro, pumpkin, squash and junça during this period of settlement. In 1661, the Corregidor André Lopes Pinto e Vasconcellos the landowners in Furnas to plant at least one alqueire of taro in order to stave-off malnutrition, provide feed for pigs and later in order to provide a source of export trade. Lupin beans were also important crops during this period, usually planted between October and November, with some variation in order to increase soil nutrients and support standard crops, such as corn, fava beans and wheat.

Architecture

Apart from many of the medieval-type local residences, and the modern interpretations of these historic homes, there are other distinct buildings erected within the territory of Furnas:

Civic

Religious

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
  2. ↑ Eurostat Archived September 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ↑ Marquez de Jacome Corrêa (1924), p.4
  4. ↑ Marquez de Jacome Corrêa (1924), p.6-7
  5. ↑ Marquez de Jacome Corrêa (1924), p.7-8
  6. ↑ Marquez de Jacome Corrêa, 1924, p.1
  7. 1 2 3 4 J.L. Gaspar et al. (1995), p.999-1001
  8. ↑ R. Gertisser et al. (2007), p.A318
  9. ↑ CCA, ed. (17 May 2001). "25.00.00 Capela de Nossa Senhora das Vitórias (José do Canto)" (in Portuguese). Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Centro de Conhecimento dos Açores/Direção Regional de Cultura. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  10. ↑ Fernando Aires de Medeiros Sousa (January 1981), p.116
Sources
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