Functional gastrointestinal disorder

intestinal disorder
Classification and external resources
MeSH D003109

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and involve visceral hypersensitivity and impaired gastrointestinal motility.[1]

Classification

Terms such as functional colonic disease (or functional bowel disorder) refer in medicine to a group of bowel disorders which are characterised by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause that could explain symptoms. Other functional disorders relate to other aspects of the process of digestion.

The consensus review process of meetings and publications organised by the Rome Foundation, known as the Rome process, has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders.[2] Successively, the Rome I, Rome II, Rome III and Rome IV proposed consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee. These now include classifications appropriate for adults, children and neonates / toddlers.

The current Rome IV classification, published in 2016, is as follows:[1]

A. Esophageal Disorders

B. Gastroduodenal Disorders

C. Bowel Disorders

D. Centrally Mediated Disorders of Gastrointestinal Pain

E. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi disorders

F. Anorectal Disorders

G. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Neonate/Toddler

H. Childhood Functional GI Disorders: Child/Adolescent

Epidemiology

Functional gastrointestinal disorders are very common. Globally, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia alone may affect 16–26% of the population.[1][3][4]

Research

There is considerable research into the causes, diagnosis and treatments for FGIDs. Diet, microbiome, genetics, neuromuscular function and immunological response all interact.[1] Heightened mast cell activation has been proposed to be a common factor among FGIDs, contributing to visceral hypersensitivity as well as epithelial, neuromuscular, and motility dysfunction.[4]

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 4 Drossman DA (2016). "Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1262–1279. PMID 27144617. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032.
  2. ↑ "Rome Foundation // Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS".
  3. ↑ Sperber AD, Drossman DA, Quigley EM (2012). "The global perspective on irritable bowel syndrome: a Rome Foundation-World Gastroenterology Organisation symposium". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107 (11): 1602–9. PMID 23160283. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.106.
  4. 1 2 Wouters MM, Vicario M, Santos J (2015). "The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders". Gut. 65: 155–168. PMID 26194403. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309151. It is well established that mast cell activation can generate epithelial and neuro-muscular dysfunction and promote visceral hypersensitivity and altered motility patterns in FGIDs, postoperative ileus, food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease.
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