Funchal

Funchal
Municipality (Concelho)
A January 2014 panoramic view of Funchal
Flag
Coat of arms
Official name: Concelho do Funchal
Name origin: funcho, Portuguese for fennel
Country  Portugal
Autonomous Region  Madeira
Island Madeira
Center Funchal
 - coordinates 32°39′N 16°55′W / 32.650°N 16.917°W / 32.650; -16.917Coordinates: 32°39′N 16°55′W / 32.650°N 16.917°W / 32.650; -16.917
Lowest point Sea level
 - location Atlantic Ocean
 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Area 76.15 km2 (29 sq mi)
Population 111,892 (2011)
Density 1,323/km2 (3,427/sq mi)
Settlement c.1424
 - Town c.1452–1454
 - Municipality c.1508
LAU Câmara Municipal
 - location Praça do Município
 - elevation 34 m (112 ft)
 - coordinates 32°39′0″N 16°54′30″W / 32.65000°N 16.90833°W / 32.65000; -16.90833
President Paulo Cafôfo (Mudança Political Coligation)
Timezone WET (UTC0)
 - summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)
Postal Zone 9000
Area Code & Prefix (+351) 291 XXX-XXX
Location of the municipality of Funchal in the Madeiran archipelago
Wikimedia Commons: Funchal
Website: http://www.cm-funchal.pt

Funchal (Portuguese pronunciation: [fũˈʃaɫ][1]) is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 111,892,[2] making it the 6th largest city in Portugal, and has been the capital of Madeira for more than five centuries. Because of its high cultural and historical value, Funchal is one of Portugal's main tourist attractions. It is also popular as a destination for New Year's Eve, and it is the leading Portuguese port on cruise liner dockings.[3]

The name is from the Portuguese word "funcho" (fennel) and the suffix "-al", to denote "a plantation of fennel".

Etymology

The name Funchal, was used by the first settlers that landed on its shores due to the abundance of wild fennel where, as tradition goes, the primitive burg was built. From the Portuguese word "funcho" (fennel) and the suffix "-al", to denote "a plantation of fennel":

"...Funchal, to whom the captain gave this name, because it was founded in a beautiful forested valley, full of fennel up to the sea..."
— Gaspar Frutuoso, 1873,

History

Cathedral of Funchal (Sé Cathedral), constructed under the orders of D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, dating back to the 15th century

This settlement began around 1424, when the island was divided into two captaincies, and the zones that would become the urbanized core of Funchal would be founded by João Gonçalves Zarco who settled there with members of his family. Owing to its geographic location, the site became an important maritime port, whereas its productive soils became a focus of new settlers. Its coastal position, the most productive on the island, quickly permitted Funchal to develop an urban core and surpass the populations of other settlements, which slowly gravitated around it.

In the early 15th century, Álvaro Fernandes was the commander of Funchal.

As part of its administrative role, the settlement received its primary lighthouse between 1452 and 1454, when it was elevated to the status of vila and municipal seat. Funchal became an important transfer point for European commercial interests; many sailors and merchants located in Funchal in order to take advantage of the transient conditions of port. Christopher Columbus was one of the early settlers, but later many of the merchant families established commercial interests on the island, including: João d'Esmenaut from the Picardy region, the Lomelino from Genoa, the Mondragão from Biscay, the Acciauoli from Florence, the Bettencourts from France, the Lemilhana Berenguer from Valencia and many others.

During the second half of the 15th century, the sugar industry expanded significantly along the southern coast, from Machico until Fajã da Ovelha, making Funchal the most important industrial centre of the industry. By the end of the century, fronting the Order of Christ, D. Manuel, Duke of Beja, expanded the support of the local community; he ordered the construction of the administrative Paços do Concelho and the Paços dos Tabeliães (completed in 1491), raised the construction of a church (began in 1493 and later raised to cathedral in 1514), and finally the construction of a hospital and customs-house in the village. In 1508, it was elevated to the status of city by King Manuel I of Portugal, and in 1514 (on completion of the Sé Cathedral) the bishopric was headquartered in Funchal.

A cityscape of Funchal, 1834 as seen from the Bay
Funchal, 1907

The island, and Funchal specifically, were vulnerable to privateer and pirate attacks. In September 1566, French corsairs under the command of Bertrand de Montluc, a gentleman in the court of Charles IX of France and second-son of Field Marshal Blaise de Montluc departed from Bordeaux with a force of 1200 men, on a small fleet of three main ships and eight support craft. The armada sacked Porto Santo. When the news was relayed to the settlements on Madeira and the villas of Machico and Santa Cruz the citizenry armed themselves for the inevitable. In Funchal, the governor, Francisco de Sales Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, did not take any action that could be construed as hostile. Meanwhile, the armada anchored off the beach of Formosa, disembarked a contingent of 800 men that marched towards the city in three columns, encountering no resistance until the main bridge in São Paulo. At the bridge the privateers encountered a force from the small fort, with a few small-caliber pieces, which were quickly routed in confusion. At the road near Carreira, the attackers were confronted by a small group of Franciscan monks, who were quickly dispatched. Funchal's fortifications were finally assaulted by land, where its defense was thin; the defenders could not even reposition many of the cannons directed towards the sea. The city suffered a violent sack that lasted fifteen days, after which little remained.

The following year, the military architect Mateus Fernandes III was sent to Funchal in order to completely modify the defensive system of the city. Evidence of the work produced by this architect was published in the "Mapa de Mateus Fernandes" (1573), considered to be the oldest plan of the island of Funchal.[4] The document identifies the major defenses of the city, which included a large fortification in the area around the dyke in Pena.

During the 16th century, Funchal was an important stop-over for caravels travelling between the Indies and the New World.

Overlook of Quinta Vigia, now the Regional Government's Presidential Palace, towards the then port of Funchal
View of Funchal's bay in 1936

The wine culture appeared during early settlement, through the incentives from Henry the Navigator. By 1455, the Venetian navigator, Luís de Cadamosto, on visiting Madeira, referred to the excellence of the Madeirense wines, principally the Malvasia castes from the island of Crete, which were being exported in greater numbers. By the end of the 16th century, the celebrated English poet and playwright, William Shakespeare, cited the important export and notoriety of the Madeiran Malvasia castes: in Richard III the Duke of Clarence, the brother of King Edward IV selected a death by drowning in a barrel of Madeira. Later, in Shakespeare's Henry IV he has Poins censure Falstaff for having sold his soul to the devil for a cup of Madeira wine. The growth of viticulture in Madeira expanded when the sugar industry was attacked by cheaper exports from the New World and Africa, but also from various epidemics and the after-effects of the 1566 privateer sacks. In the 17th century, commercial treaties with England brought increased investments to a business that was still insular. Many commercial wine-makers from England moved to the island, establishing a change in the commerce, the economy, the architectural morphology and the lifestyle of the community. This incremental growth expanded the city with new estates, and a new merchant class that populated the urban quarters. Generally, there were many new three-floor homes with an intermediary service floor, a floor for storage and wine-cellars, and in some cases a tower to watch the port and monitor shipping in the harbour. Various island governors and the convents participated in commercial viticulture. The Companhia de Jesus developed the vast estate of Campanário, which extended from the city to Fajã dos Padres into one of the most successful wines on the island, whereas the nuns of Santa Clara, owners of some large parcels of land, entered into the wine industry, financing the ships that would take their wines to Brazil (and exchanging them for sugar for their sweets business). But, during the 19th century there were epidemics, aggravating the economy and forcing some to return to sugar plantations. In order to maintain the level of development, many landowners tried to plant new more-resistant castes, but of an inferior quality, in order to support the industry.

The city was twice bombarded by German U-boats during World War I.

A few of the notable visitors to the region were Elisabeth, empress of Austria-Hungary, 1837–1898 (who travelled to the island for leisure and health), Charles I of Austria (who was exiled), Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, 1867–1918, Polish Field Marshal Józef Piłsudski in order to recuperate his health, Winston Churchill (who travelled there on holidays and was known to have painted a few paintings during his visits) and Fulgencio Batista (who stopped over en route to his exile in Spain). The presence of these notable visitors marked a period when Funchal became a center of tourism and therapeutic health. With the formal creation of the Port of Funchal, and later the establishment of the Santa Catarina Airport, Funchal turned into a major international tourist destination supported by a series of hotels and ocean-front residences.

Geography

Promenade in southwest Funchal

Physical geography

Funchal is located inside a natural amphitheater-shaped valley, with gentle slopes beginning at the coast which rise to 1200 meters, that provided a natural shelter for early settlers.

In addition to the urbanized area, the municipality includes the Ilhas Selvagens (English: Savage Islands), a nature reserve located 160 km (99 mi) south of the capital.

Climate

Funchal has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa)[5] with even temperatures all year round. The climate can be separated into two main seasons: a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March with average daily high temperatures ranging from 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F) and a drier and warmer season from April through September with average daily high temperatures ranging from 21 °C (70 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). Humidity levels remain constantly high at about 70%. Sea temperatures range from a low of 18 °C (64 °F) in February–March to 24–26 °C (75 °F) in August–October.

Since the city rises from the sea up to altitudes of 800 meters on its northern slopes, it is quite common to experience cloudiness, fog and rain on those northern suburbs while clear skies remain nearer to the sea. Temperatures also tend to be slightly lower at the higher altitudes.

Early summer, especially June, tends to be quite infamous due to a phenomenon where persistent cloudiness covers the entire bay area of Funchal, locally nicknamed "Funchal's helmet". The length and severity of the rainy season varies greatly from year to year.

Climate data for Funchal, capital of Madeira
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.5
(77.9)		 27.0
(80.6)		 30.5
(86.9)		 32.6
(90.7)		 34.2
(93.6)		 34.7
(94.5)		 37.7
(99.9)		 38.5
(101.3)		 38.4
(101.1)		 34.1
(93.4)		 29.5
(85.1)		 25.9
(78.6)		 38.5
(101.3)
Average high °C (°F) 19.7
(67.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 20.6
(69.1)		 21.6
(70.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 25.1
(77.2)		 26.4
(79.5)		 26.4
(79.5)		 24.9
(76.8)		 22.6
(72.7)		 20.7
(69.3)		 22.6
(72.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 17.2
(63)		 17.5
(63.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 20.6
(69.1)		 22.2
(72)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 21.8
(71.2)		 19.6
(67.3)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.6
(67.3)
Average low °C (°F) 13.7
(56.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 13.9
(57)		 14.4
(57.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 19.2
(66.6)		 20.0
(68)		 20.0
(68)		 18.6
(65.5)		 16.6
(61.9)		 15.0
(59)		 16.5
(61.7)
Record low °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8)		 7.4
(45.3)		 8.1
(46.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 9.7
(49.5)		 13.2
(55.8)		 14.6
(58.3)		 16.4
(61.5)		 16.6
(61.9)		 13.4
(56.1)		 9.8
(49.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.1
(2.917)		 83.0
(3.268)		 60.2
(2.37)		 44.0
(1.732)		 28.9
(1.138)		 7.2
(0.283)		 1.6
(0.063)		 2.0
(0.079)		 32.9
(1.295)		 89.5
(3.524)		 88.8
(3.496)		 115.0
(4.528)		 627.2
(24.693)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12 10 9 8 6 3 1 2 6 9 10 13 87
Average relative humidity (%) 71 70 68 68 70 73 73 72 71 71 70 70 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 150 181 182 202 162 228 240 200 184 155 140 2,165
Source #1: Instituto de Meteorologia,[6]
Source #2: NOAA (sun and humidity 1961–1990)[7]

Human geography

Panoramic view of Funchal Bay during sunset, taken from Ponta do Garajau.
A leisure park in Lido, in São Martinho
Sea Port of Funchal
Lido, Funchal's hotel zone

The urbanized core of the city of Funchal includes several of the civil parishes that surround the municipality (Câmara de Lobos, Santa Cruz, Machico and Ribeira Brava), and includes a population of 150,000 inhabitants (representing the largest city outside mainland Portugal). The municipality itself is a grouping of several smaller administrative entities, that includes Funchal, Câmara de Lobos, Caniço and Santa Cruz, located along the southern coast of Madeira. Funchal is a cosmopolitan and panoramic city, with parks, shops and hotels.

The municipality (Portuguese: concelho) and city (Portuguese: cidade) are one administrative division, administered by an executive and legislative committee in the city hall. Local communities, are administered at the civil parish levels, through their own legislative bodies and executives. Funchal comprises ten civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesias) based on traditional religious districts (Portuguese: paróquias):

Transportation

Famous cable car ride between Funchal and Monte, high up on Funchal's mountains

The harbour of Funchal was the only major port in Madeira. Since 2007 it has been fully dedicated to passenger transport – cruise ships and ferries – and other tourist-related boats and yachts. In that year all remaining fishing activity and cargo trade was moved to the newly developed port of Caniçal, 12 mi (19 km) to the east.[8] A ferry between Funchal and Portimao, on the mainland, provided by Naviera Armas used to sail weekly, but was discontinued in 2013 due to a dispute over harbour fees. A ferry runs in two hours between Funchal and Porto Santo Island, called the Lobo Marinho.[9]

A highway provides access to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava to the west, and Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal to the east.

Madeira Airport, often known as Funchal Airport/Madeira/Santa Catarina Airport (code: FNC), is located east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz. The airport was one of the most dangerous airports in the world due to the limited flat space in close proximity to cliffs, but the extension of the runway on concrete pillars in the sea has improved safety.

Funchal is frequently used as a stop-over by transatlantic sailors, en route from Europe to the Caribbean, as it is the northern most Atlantic island that lies in the path of the Westerlies.

Tourism

A Toboggan ride going down Monte

Today Funchal is a major tourist town, with hotels, port, and an international airport Funchal Airport (FNC), located in the nearby municipality of Santa Cruz.

Besides the city of Funchal, tourist destinations include: Ribeira Brava, Curral das Freiras, Porto Moniz, Santana, the Laurisilva forest, a UNESCO Natural Site, in the center of Madeira Island and the beaches in Porto Santo island. There is also a passenger gondola lift (Funchal Cable Car), that transports people from the lower section of the city to the suburb of Monte and another that runs between Monte and the Botanical Gardens.

Museums

Funchal has many Museums, such as the:-

Religion

The Igreja do Colégio interior featuring Baroque architecture, Funchal’s City Square

The Episcopal see (diocese) of the Roman Catholic bishop of Funchal includes the entirety of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, and is a suffragan see under the Archdiocese of Lisbon. Its focus is the Sé Cathedral, located in civil parish of Sé, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção (English: Our Lady of the Assumption) while its patron saint is Saint James.

Anglican services have been held at Holy Trinity Church in Funchal (Rua do Quebra Costas) since 1822, although the first recorded Protestant service took place in 1774.[10] The Holy Trinity Church also takes care of the British Cemetery of Funchal.

Funchal Baptist Church was established in Madeira in 1976. It is located at Rua Silvestre Quintino de Freitas, 126 9050-097 FUNCHAL, and provides English services in the morning and Portuguese in the evening.

The Synagogue of Funchal was built in 1836, but is now disused.[11] There is the Jewish Cemetery of Funchal which is also disused.

Sport

Funchal has three Association Football clubs, one being Marítimo the other Nacional and the final being União. Together they form the Madeira derby which was first played in 1981 due to the teams being in different league levels for 7 decades.

Twin towns — sister cities

Penha de França, western zone of Funchal.
Aljube Street.

Funchal is twinned with the following cities:[12]

City State/Region Country
Gibraltar  Gibraltar  United Kingdom
Livingstone Zambia Southern Province  Zambia
Praia Praia  Cape Verde
Honolulu  Hawaii  United States
Maui  Hawaii  United States
Ílhavo Aveiro  Portugal
Oakland  California  United States
New Bedford  Massachusetts  United States
Herzliya Israel Tel Aviv District  Israel
Saint Helier  Jersey  United Kingdom
Leichlingen  North Rhine-Westphalia  Germany
Cape Town South Africa Western Cape  South Africa
Santos  São Paulo  Brazil
São Paulo[13][14]  São Paulo  Brazil
Marrickville  New South Wales  Australia
Fremantle[15]  Western Australia  Australia

Notable citizens

Museum in Funchal dedicated to Cristiano Ronaldo, born in the city in 1985
Town hall

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ In European Portuguese. The Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation is IPA: [fũˈʃaw]
  2. ↑ Nuno Pires Soares, Instituto Geográfico Português (Geographic Institute of Portugal)
  3. ↑ http://pianc-jp.org/news/images/19_e_l_o_2013MedDays_PIANC_Brogueira_long.pdf
  4. ↑ Cidade do Funchal e a sua Evolução Espacial
  5. ↑ "Climate summary: Funchal, Portugal". Weatherbase. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  6. ↑ "Weather Information for Funchal".
  7. ↑ "Funchal Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  8. ↑ "Portos da Madeira" (in Portuguese). Administração dos Portos da Região Autónoma da Madeira.
  9. ↑ madeira-web.com – Things to do: "Lobo Marinho"
  10. ↑ "The Church". Holy Trinity Church, Funchal. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  11. ↑ Dysch, Marcus (7 April 2009). "Madeira: Peace in the land of Ronaldo". The Jewish Chronicle Online. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  12. ↑ "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas: Funchal" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  13. ↑ "Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471" [Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471]. Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  14. ↑ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (in Portuguese)
  15. ↑ "Sister cities and international relations". City of Fremantle website. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
Sources

Further reading

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