Fredericksburg, Virginia

Fredericksburg, Virginia
Independent city
City of Fredericksburg

Historic downtown Fredericksburg

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Motto: America's Most Historic City
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Coordinates: 38°18′6.5″N 77°28′15″W / 38.301806°N 77.47083°W / 38.301806; -77.47083
Country United States
State Virginia
County None (Independent city)
Founded 1728
Incorporated 1781
Government
 • Mayor Mary Katherine Greenlaw
Area
 • Independent city 10.5 sq mi (27.2 km2)
 • Land 10.4 sq mi (27.0 km2)
 • Water 0.08 sq mi (0.2 km2)
Elevation 59 ft (18 m)
Population (2010)[1]
 • Independent city 24,286
 • Estimate (2015)[2] 28,118
 • Density 2,326/sq mi (898.2/km2)
 • Urban 141,238 (US: 231st)
Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes 22401–22404 (4 total)
Area code(s) 540
FIPS code 51-29744[3]
GNIS feature ID 1494947[4]
Website www.fredericksburgva.gov
* Independent from Spotsylvania County in 1879

Fredericksburg is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,286,[1] up from 19,279 at the 2000 census. The city population was estimated at 28,118 in 2015.[2] The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Fredericksburg with neighboring Spotsylvania County for statistical purposes.

Located 45 miles (72 km) south of Washington, D.C. and 58 miles (93 km) north of Richmond, Fredericksburg is part of the Northern Virginia region[5][6] and is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Located near where the Rappahannock River crosses the Fall Line, Fredericksburg was a prominent port in Virginia during the colonial era. During the Civil War, the town, located halfway between the capitals of the opposing forces, was the site of the Battle of Fredericksburg and Second Battle of Fredericksburg, preserved in part as the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. Tourism is a major part of the economy, with approximately 1.5 million people visiting the Fredericksburg area annually, including the battlefield park, the downtown visitor center, events, museums and historic sites.[7]

Fredericksburg is home to several major commercial centers including Central Park (as of 2004, the second-largest mall on the East Coast) and Spotsylvania Towne Centre, located in Spotsylvania County adjacent to the city line. Major employers include the University of Mary Washington, Mary Washington Healthcare, and GEICO. Many Fredericksburg-area residents commute to work by car, bus, and rail to Washington and Richmond, as well as Fairfax, Prince William, and Arlington counties.[8][9][10][11]

History

At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Fredericksburg were a Siouan-speaking tribe called the Manahoac. English colonists recorded the name of the Manahoac village there as Mahaskahod.[12]

Colonial

Located on the Rappahannock River near the head of navigation at the fall line, Fredericksburg developed as the frontier of colonial Virginia shifted west out of the coastal plain. The land on which the city was founded was part of a tract patented in 1671. The Virginia General Assembly established a fort on the Rappahannock in 1676, just below the present-day city. In 1714, Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood sponsored a German settlement called Germanna on the Rapidan River, a tributary of the Rappahannock upstream from the future site of the city, and led an expedition westward over the Blue Ridge Mountains in 1716.

As interest in the frontier grew, the colonial assembly responded by forming a new county named Spotsylvania (after Alexander Spotswood, the governor at the time) in 1720 and establishing Fredericksburg in 1728 as a port for the county, of which it was then a part. Named for Frederick, Prince of Wales,[13] son of King George II, the colonial town's streets bore the names of members of the royal family. The county court was moved to Fredericksburg in 1732, and the town served as county seat until 1780, when the courthouse was moved closer to the county center in Spotsylvania County. In 1781, Fredericksburg was incorporated as a town, with its own court, council, and mayor. It received its charter as a city in 1879, and under Virginia law was separated from Spotsylvania County. The city adopted its present city manager/council form of government in 1911.

The city has close associations with George Washington, whose family moved to Ferry Farm in Stafford County just off the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg in 1738. Washington's mother Mary later moved to the city, and his sister Betty lived at Kenmore, a plantation house then outside the city. Other significant early residents include the Revolutionary War generals Hugh Mercer and George Weedon, naval war hero John Paul Jones, and future U.S. president James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in Fredericksburg.

19th century

During the 19th century, Fredericksburg sought to maintain its sphere of trade, but with limited success. It promoted the development of a canal on the Rappahannock and construction of a turnpike and plank road to bind the interior country to the market town. By 1837, a north-south railroad, which became the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, linked the town to Richmond, the state capital. A much-needed railroad joining the town to the farming region to the west was not finished until after the Civil War.

Fredericksburg, Virginia, March 1863. View from across the Rappahannock River. To the right is the steeple of Fredericksburg Baptist Church, and toward the center is the tower of St. George's Church.

During the Civil War, Fredericksburg gained strategic importance due to its location midway between Washington and Richmond, the opposing capitals of the Union and the Confederacy. During the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11–15, 1862, the town sustained significant damage from bombardment and looting by the Union forces. A Second Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in and around the town on May 3, 1863, in connection with the Chancellorsville campaign (April 27, 1863 – May 6, 1863). The battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House were fought nearby in May 1864.

20th century

Masters family Cabin on Water Street.[14]

After the war, Fredericksburg recovered its former position as a center of local trade and slowly grew beyond its prewar boundaries. Neither the city of Fredericksburg, nor either of the surrounding counties, reached the population level of the census of 1860 until the 1940s (spurred by World War II). The 1960s brought renewed growth and development, fueled by the "arrival" of Interstate 95. By the 1970s, the city and the area had become a bedroom community for jobs in Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C., largely related to the city's location near four military installations: Quantico Marine Corps Base, the Army's Fort Belvoir, the Navy's Dahlgren Surface Weapons Base, and the National Guard's Fort A.P. Hill. In addition, career military personnel, assigned to the Pentagon (in Arlington, Virginia), find Fredericksburg a convenient home base.

The University of Mary Washington was founded in Fredericksburg in 1908 as the State Normal and Industrial School for Women. Adopting the name of Mary Washington College in 1938, the college was for many years associated with the University of Virginia as a women's liberal arts college. The college became independent of UVA and began to accept men in 1970. Recently, the college changed names from Mary Washington College to the University of Mary Washington. Two separate campuses for graduate and professional studies and education and research are located in suburban Stafford County and in rural King George County near the Dahlgren naval base, respectively.

The power chord of modern guitar was first developed by Link Wray in Fredericksburg in 1958 during his first improvisation of the instrumental piece "Rumble", a single released by Wray & His Ray Men.[15] The local music scene includes a wide variety of genres.

A commuter rail line – the Virginia Railway Express – was established in the 1980s, providing passage to job sites north of Fredericksburg.

The city has become the regional healthcare center for the area. Retail, real estate, and other commercial growth exploded into the early 21st century, eventually slowing during the "Great Recession" beginning in 2007.

Geography and climate

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.5 square miles (27.2 km2), of which 10.4 square miles (27.0 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.67%, is water.[16] The city is part of the boundary between the Piedmont and Tidewater regions, and as such is located on the fall line, as evident on the Rappahannock River. US 1, US 17, and I-95 all pass through the city, which is located 53 miles (85 km) south of downtown Washington, D.C.

The city is bounded on the north and east by the Rappahannock River; across the river is Stafford County. The city is bounded on the south and west by Spotsylvania County.

Fredericksburg has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool winters and hot, humid summers. Daytime temperatures for much of the year average slightly higher than in Washington, DC due to the southerly aspect, although the inland location and distance from the urban heat island present in the nation's capital make for significantly cooler low temperatures.

Climate data for Fredericksburg, Virginia (downtown, 1981−2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 45.3
(7.4)		 48.7
(9.3)		 56.9
(13.8)		 67.5
(19.7)		 75.9
(24.4)		 84.5
(29.2)		 87.8
(31)		 86.5
(30.3)		 80.0
(26.7)		 69.9
(21.1)		 59.4
(15.2)		 49.0
(9.4)		 67.7
(19.8)
Average low °F (°C) 24.3
(−4.3)		 26.1
(−3.3)		 33.2
(0.7)		 43.0
(6.1)		 52.4
(11.3)		 62.5
(16.9)		 67.1
(19.5)		 65.7
(18.7)		 58.0
(14.4)		 44.9
(7.2)		 35.6
(2)		 27.3
(−2.6)		 45.1
(7.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.90
(73.7)		 2.51
(63.8)		 3.99
(101.3)		 3.35
(85.1)		 4.08
(103.6)		 3.97
(100.8)		 4.53
(115.1)		 3.39
(86.1)		 4.32
(109.7)		 3.38
(85.9)		 3.75
(95.3)		 3.18
(80.8)		 43.35
(1,101.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.5 10.1 11.4 11.7 12.5 10.2 13.1 10.0 9.4 8.8 9.8 11.2 127.7
Source: NOAA (precipitation days at Fredericksburg National Battlefield Park)[17][18]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18303,308—
18403,97420.1%
18504,0612.2%
18605,02223.7%
18704,046−19.4%
18805,01023.8%
18904,528−9.6%
19005,06811.9%
19105,87415.9%
19205,8820.1%
19306,81915.9%
194010,06647.6%
195012,15820.8%
196013,63912.2%
197014,4505.9%
198015,3226.0%
199019,02724.2%
200019,2791.3%
201024,28626.0%
Est. 201628,297[19]16.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]
1790–1960[21] 1900–1990[22]
1990–2000[23] 2010–2013[24]
Fredericksburg City Hall
Fredericksburg Museum
Largest ancestries in 2000[25]

English England 13.5%
German Germany 12.9%
Irish Republic of Ireland 12.0%
American United States 5.9%
Italian Italy 4.5%
French France 3.1%
Scottish Scotland 3.1%
Scotch-Irish Ulster 2.3%
Sub-Saharan African 2.2%
Polish Poland 2.1%
2010[26]

English England 11.8%
American United States 11.1%
Irish Republic of Ireland 10.7%
German Germany 10.2%
Italian Italy 5.7%
Scottish Scotland 2.5%
Polish Poland 1.9%
Scotch-Irish Ulster 1.8%
French France 1.7%
Sub-Saharan African 0.7%
2014[27]

Irish Republic of Ireland 12.1%
German Germany 10.5%
English England 7.9%
American United States 6.7%
Italian Italy 5.8%
French France 2.5%
Polish Poland 2.3%
Scottish Scotland 2.2%
Scotch-Irish Ulster 1.8%
Sub-Saharan African 1.1%

As of the census[28] of 2000, there were 19,279 people, 8,102 households, and 3,925 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,833.0 people per square mile (707.6/km²). There were 8,888 housing units at an average density of 845.0 per square mile (326.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 73.18% White, 20.41% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.51% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.56% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. 4.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,102 households out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the city, the population was spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 23.8% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,585, and the median income for a family was $47,148. Males had a median income of $33,641 versus $25,037 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,527. 15.5% of the population and 10.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 19.9% of those under the age of 18 and 8.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Crime

The Fredericksburg Police Department tracks crime information under the state-level system of the Uniform Crime Reporting program.[note 1] Per state code, the central repository for crime statistics rests with the Department of State Police, which compiles data from all of the participating agencies into an annual publication.[29]

Politics

Presidential Elections Results[30]
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2016 33.3% 3,744 59.6% 6,707 7.2% 806
2012 35.5% 4,060 62.4% 7,131 2.2% 246
2008 35.3% 3,413 63.6% 6,155 1.1% 109
2004 45.0% 3,390 54.2% 4,085 0.9% 67
2000 43.9% 2,935 50.3% 3,360 5.8% 386
1996 41.8% 2,579 52.2% 3,215 6.0% 370
1992 41.0% 2,819 47.5% 3,266 11.5% 794
1988 55.3% 3,401 43.6% 2,683 1.1% 70
1984 58.6% 3,500 40.8% 2,439 0.6% 34
1980 50.4% 2,502 43.8% 2,174 5.9% 292
1976 49.1% 2,527 49.5% 2,550 1.4% 73
1972 64.5% 3,211 34.2% 1,702 1.3% 63
1968 42.3% 2,142 40.2% 2,036 17.6% 890
1964 38.5% 1,511 61.4% 2,410 0.2% 7
1960 53.7% 1,566 45.5% 1,326 0.8% 23
1956 60.3% 1,672 33.7% 934 6.1% 169
1952 61.2% 1,536 38.7% 970 0.2% 4
1948 42.0% 810 42.3% 816 15.8% 305
1944 38.9% 698 60.9% 1,092 0.2% 3
1940 33.4% 522 66.3% 1,037 0.4% 6
1936 30.3% 411 69.6% 944 0.2% 2
1932 30.7% 366 68.2% 812 1.1% 13
1928 54.0% 697 46.0% 594
1924 27.6% 223 69.0% 558 3.5% 28
1920 33.5% 299 65.1% 581 1.5% 13
1916 31.2% 173 68.6% 380 0.2% 1
1912 9.0% 51 73.1% 414 17.9% 101

By long-standing tradition (dating back to the Federal Hatch Act of 1939, which prohibited government employees from participating in partisan politics), local elections in Fredericksburg are officially non-partisan. Neither the mayoral and council elections nor local constitutional positions (e.g. sheriff, Commissioner of Revenue, Commonwealth Attorney) list candidates with a party label.

Like the rest of Northern Virginia, Fredericksburg has trended strongly Democratic in recent years. In the 2008 presidential election, voters in Fredericksburg gave Barack Obama a total of 64.33% of the vote.[31] Only Arlington County, Alexandria, and Falls Church had a higher percentage of votes for Obama in Northern Virginia.[31] According to Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, no Republican presidential candidate has carried Fredericksburg since 1988.

Mayor Mary Katherine Greenlaw won election in 2012[32] and was reelected in 2016.[33]

Culture and recreation

Architecture and historic sites

Fredericksburg Historic District
Location Roughly bounded by Rappahannock River, Hazel Run, Prince Edward and Canal Sts.,
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Area 200 acres (81 ha)
NRHP Reference #

71001053

[34]
VLR # 111-0132
Significant dates
Added to NRHP September 22, 1971
Designated VLR March 2, 1971[35]
Kenmore Plantation

Despite recent decades of suburban growth, reminders of the area's past abound. The 40-block Fredericksburg Historic District, on the National Register of Historic Places, embraces the city's downtown area and contains more than 350 buildings dating to the 18th and 19th centuries. Crowds of tourists are drawn to the historic district of Fredericksburg during the summer months.

St. George's Episcopal Church in downtown Fredericksburg was established in 1720.

Within the historic district, four 18th-century historic sites have been managed by Preservation Virginia but, following a full, statewide reorganization by that organization, the newly created "Washington Heritage Museums" group will acquire the sites by 2014: the Mary Washington House, where George Washington's mother spent her final years; the late 18th century Rising Sun Tavern and the Hugh Mercer Apothecary Shop (the fourth is only open on Historic Garden Week). Important public buildings include the 1852 courthouse designed by James Renwick, whose works include the Smithsonian Institution's castle building in Washington and St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, and the 1816 town hall and market house. The latter building housed the Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center which was closed in 2015 due to a lack of funding. Another site of interest is St. George's Church. The James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library is located on the site where Monroe practiced law from 1786 to 1788. The museum is housed in a building that is made up of three individual structures, constructed at different times, beginning in 1816.

Nearby the historic district is Kenmore, the plantation home of Washington's sister Betty and her husband patriot Fielding Lewis.

The area's Civil War battles are commemorated in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. Formed by an act of Congress in 1927, the national military park preserves portions of the battlefields of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Spotsylvania Court House. The Fredericksburg National Cemetery, also part of the park, is located on Marye's Heights on the Fredericksburg battlefield and contains more than 15,000 Union burials from the area's battlefields.

Notable 20th-century sites and structures include the campus of the University of Mary Washington (begun in 1908), and Carl's Ice Cream, an Art Moderne roadside ice cream stand on the National Register of Historic Places on U.S. Route 1.

Nearby points of interest include Ferry Farm historic site in Stafford County where Washington spent his boyhood immediately across the river from Fredericksburg, and the George Washington Birthplace National Monument, located 38 miles to the east in Westmoreland County. The historic community of Falmouth lies across the Rappahannock to the north and includes the historic house Belmont, home of American Impressionist artist Gari Melchers.

Parks

Public parks run by the city include:[36]

Public Library

Central Rappahannock Regional Library

Education

Monroe Hall, built in 1911, at the University of Mary Washington.

Primary and secondary schools

The Fredericksburg City Public Schools are run independent of the surrounding counties. The public primary and secondary schools include:[38]

Private schools include:

Higher education

The University of Mary Washington, established in 1908 and opening in 1911, is a four-year public university within the city.

Media

Fredericksburg's daily newspaper is The Free Lance–Star. The Free Lance was first published in 1885, and competed with two twice-weekly papers in the city during the late 19th century, the Fredericksburg News and The Virginia Star. While the News folded in 1884, the Star moved to daily publication in 1893. In 1900, the two companies merged, with both newspapers continuing publication until 1926, when they merged as a single daily newspaper under the current title. Until June 19, 2014, the Free Lance–Star was owned and operated by members of the Rowe family of Fredericksburg. At that time, Sandton Capital Partners purchased the paper. On December 31, 2015 the newspaper and associated website were purchased by Berkshire Hathaway′s BH Media Group.[39] Fredericksburg.Today, an online hyperlocal news site began operation following the 2014 bankruptcy of The Free Lance–Star.[40]

Fredericksburg and the nearby region have several radio stations, including (on the FM dial) WYAU (89.5, Public Radio), WJYJ (90.5, Christian), WFLS (93.3, country), WGRQ (95.9, "SuperHits", licensed to nearby Fairview Beach), WWUZ (96.9, classic rock, licensed to nearby Bowling Green), WVBX (99.3, "The Vibe", rhythmic contemporary, licensed to nearby Spotsylvania), WBQB ("B-101.5", adult contemporary) and WGRX ("Thunder 104.5", country, licensed to nearby Falmouth). Fredericksburg AM stations include WFVA (1230, nostalgia) and WNTX (1350, talk, news, and sports). WGRQ and WGRX are owned locally by Telemedia Broadcasting. WFLS, WWUZ, WVBX, and WYSK are owned by Alpha Media.

In 2001, the Arbitron media service began listing the Fredericksburg area as a nationally rated radio market. As of the fall of 2014, the area ranked 146th out of 272 markets surveyed, with a total market population of more than 325,000. Large broadcast companies like Clear Channel Communications and Cumulus Broadcasting are not active in the local market; almost all of its stations remain locally or regionally owned.

In television, Fredericksburg is part of the Washington market. One local television station, NBC affiliate WHFV, was briefly on the air in the 1970s.

Sports

There are no professional sports teams in Fredericksburg. In October 2013, the Hagerstown Suns minor league baseball team formally applied to relocate there for the 2015 season,[41] but plans fell apart by November 2014.[42]

Sports at the secondary education level are run through the Virginia High School League. On the collegiate level are the University of Mary Washington Eagles. Other amateur athletics include Fredericksburg FC of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL); and the Rappahannock Rugby Club, a senior men's rugby club competing in Division III of the Potomac Rugby Union.

Transportation

The Fredericksburg train station, formerly of the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad

Fredericksburg is traversed by a series of rural and suburban four-lane highways and a multitude of small, two-lane roads. Among the major arterial roads is U.S. Route 1, providing north-south transportation from the region to Stafford County, Washington, D.C., and points beyond. Route 3 (Plank Road) is a major east-west route that connects downtown Fredericksburg (via the Blue and Gray Parkway bypass), southern Stafford and King George counties, and Route 301 to the east with the large shopping centers, Spotsylvania Town Center and Central Park. To the west, Route 3 reaches Culpeper, where it meets Route 29 and Route 15.

Most of Fredericksburg's traffic flow is to or from the north (Washington, D.C. metropolitan area) during peak commuting hours, primarily via Interstate 95 and US-1. The US-1 bridge over the Rappahannock River is often a traffic bottleneck, and Route 3 has become increasingly jammed as residential development has grown west, along with a major regional shopping center.

As an alternative to I-95, some commuters use the Virginia Railway Express rail service to Washington. Long-distance rail service is available on Amtrak, which serves Fredericksburg via the Northeast Regional and Carolinian/Piedmont routes. Fredericksburg Regional Transit (FRED) is a recently started bus service in Fredericksburg which serves most area communities, retail shopping centers, two VRE stations, and downtown Fredericksburg.

Notable people

Wounded soldiers being tended at Marye's House in Fredericksburg in May 1864[note 2]
American Civil War: Union Army soldiers of 6th Corps, Army of the Potomac, in trenches before storming Marye's Heights at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg during the Chancellorsville campaign, Virginia, May 1863 (#B-157).[note 3]
Another look at downtown Fredericksburg
James Monroe Museum in downtown Fredericksburg

18th century and before

19th century to present

Sister cities

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The Uniform Crime Reporting program was developed and is administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It provides a nationwide view of crime based on the submission of statistical data from law enforcement agencies across the country. The crime information is collected under the National Incident Based Reporting System format
  2. ↑ Sometimes mistakenly labeled as taken in the field after the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863.
  3. ↑ Sometimes mistakenly labeled as taken at siege of Petersburg, Virginia.

References

  1. 1 2 "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fredericksburg city, Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  3. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Metropolitan and NECMA Counties in Alphabetical Order, by State, with Area Titles". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Fredericksburg Overview". Virginia Tourism Corporation. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  7. ↑ Official website of the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia
  8. ↑ Owen, Karen (May 11, 2008). "Are we Northern Virginia?". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  9. ↑ Kelly, Matthew (May 11, 2008). "We can avoid the circle of Hell". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  10. ↑ Connors, Hap (May 11, 2008). "A 'tweener': We must play smart". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  11. ↑ Farley, Catherine A. (May 11, 2008). "Robert E. Lee might not recognize the place". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  12. ↑ Swanton, John R. (1952), The Indian Tribes of North America, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 61–62, ISBN 0-8063-1730-2, OCLC 52230544
  13. ↑ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 131.
  14. ↑ Frances Benjamin Johnston (1927)
  15. ↑ Harrington, Richard (November 22, 2005). "Prophet of the Rock Guitar". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  16. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Station Name: VA FREDERICKSBURG SEWAGE". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Station Name: VA FREDERICKSBURG NP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  20. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  24. ↑ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  25. ↑ "American Factfinder, Community Facts, Fredericksburg city, Virginia, Origins and Language, Census 2000, Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  26. ↑ "American Factfinder, Community Facts, Fredericksburg city, Virginia, Origins and Language, 2014 American Community Survey, Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...), 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  27. ↑ "American Factfinder, Community Facts, Fredericksburg city, Virginia, Origins and Language, 2014 American Community Survey, Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  28. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  29. ↑ Crime in Virginia 2011
  30. ↑ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS
  31. 1 2 "2008 Presidential Election Results By County". The New York Times. December 9, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  32. ↑ Sidersky, Robyn (May 1, 2012). "Greenlaw, Kelly, Devine win Fredericksburg elections". The Free Lance-Star. The Free Lance-Star Publishing. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Mary Katherine Greenlaw wins a second term as Fredericksburg mayor". Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  34. ↑ National Park Service (July 9, 2010). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  35. ↑ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  36. ↑ "map of parks in Fredericksburg VA" (PDF). Fredericksburg City Parks and Recreation. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  37. ↑ Crookshanks, Barbara (October 28, 2004). "Alum Spring Park: A Walk Through History". Historypoint.org. The Central Rappahannock Regional Library. Archived from the original on November 13, 2004.
  38. ↑ "homepage". Fredericksburg City Public Schools. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Berkshire Hathaway Buys Newspaper in Fredericksburg, Virginia". Bloomberg News. December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Patch Lays off Hundreds, Shuttered Editor to Start Indie News Site". PotomacLocal.com. January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  41. ↑ Freehling, Bill (October 1, 2013). "Hagerstown Suns apply to relocate to Fredericksburg". Business Insider. Fredericksburg.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  42. ↑ Gould, Pamela (November 25, 2014). "Baseball deal out in city". Fredericksburg.com. Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  43. ↑ "For Area Baptists: The First Hundred Years Were the Hardest". Town & County. The Free Lance-Star. 83 (272). November 8, 1967. p. A-3. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  44. ↑ United States Congress. "Fredericksburg, Virginia (id: C000910)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  45. ↑ "John Paul Jones wins in English waters". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved April 18, 2017. lived for a time in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where his brother had a business
  46. ↑ "Fielding Lewis (1725–1781 or 1782)". encyclopediavirginia.org. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved April 18, 2017. he moved to Fredericksburg in the 1740s
  47. ↑ "Betty Washington Lewis". The George Washington Foundation. Retrieved April 18, 2017. Upon her marriage, Betty moved into a large brick house in Fredericksburg
  48. ↑ "Hugh Mercer dies from wounds received in Battle of Princeton". history.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved April 18, 2017. Mercer worked as an apothecary and practiced medicine in Fredericksburg
  49. ↑ "James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library | James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library Home Page". Umw.edu. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Augustine Washington". kenmore.org. The George Washington Foundation. Retrieved April 18, 2017. In 1738, a 150-acre property just across the Rappahannock River from the fledgling town of Fredericksburg ... was sold ... to Augustine who moved the family there
  51. ↑ Freeman, Douglas Southall (1948). George Washington, a Biography. v.7. New York: Scribner. OCLC 732644234.:1:15–72
  52. ↑ George Washington: A Life by Willard Stearne Randall (1997). New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. page 440. ISBN 0-8050-5992-X
  53. ↑ Frank E. Grizzard (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. pp. 346–. ISBN 978-1-57607-082-6.
  54. ↑ Oliver Ackermann:
    Gluckin, Tzvi (March 5, 2015). "A Place to Bury Strangers: Controlled Anarchy". Retrieved 2017-04-18.
    Colletti, Justin. "Made in New York: Oliver Ackermann’s Death By Audio". Trust Me I'm a Scientist. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  55. ↑ Bass:
    "Urbane Bass Stained Glass Window". World War I Memorial Inventory Project. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
    "Virginia World War 1 Casualties". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  56. ↑ Bonner, Judith H.; Pennington, Estill Curtis (2013-01-14). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 21: Art and Architecture. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-6994-9.:242
  57. ↑ "Al Bumbry Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  58. ↑ "Jermon Bushrod". SI.com. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  59. ↑ McCaslin, John (2017-01-22). "United in song, and more, at MLK celebration". Rappahannock News. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  60. ↑ "George Webster Coghill". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  61. ↑ "Civil Rights Leader James Farmer Dies". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-05-19. James L. Farmer, 79, the founder of the Congress of Racial Equality and the moving force behind some of the most dramatic episodes of the civil rights era of the 1960s, died yesterday at a hospital in Fredericksburg, Va.
  62. ↑ "Reality Bytes: Gay 'Shock Jock' Hartley".
  63. ↑ Holtzman, Kellen. "U16 boys notch milestone win for Virginia Legacy; Jones tabbed state coach of year". vagazette.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  64. ↑ "Mark Lenzi dies at 43;Olympic diving champion". Los Angeles Times. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  65. ↑ "John Maine Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  66. ↑ Hedelt, Rob (January 24, 2008). "Movie, TV projects fall in line for local native". fredericksburg.com. The Free Lance-Star. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  67. ↑ McKenna, Dave. "Jill Sobule and Erin McKeown: Live Last Night". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  68. ↑ Delano, Frank (2009-04-23). "State political force George Rawlings dies". Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
  69. ↑ "ACTOR HAS FOND MEMORIES OF HIS SMALL TOWN, USA". DeseretNews.com. 1988-05-29. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  70. ↑ "Jeff Rouse Weds - Swimming World News". Swimming World News. 1999-08-23. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  71. ↑ Beaujon, Andrew (2009-10-29). "The Advancement of Dave Smalley". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  72. ↑ Eck, Kevin (2017-04-17). "Former Terps, Ravens Torrey Smith Remains Involved In Baltimore". PressBox. 232 (April 2017). Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  73. ↑ Congressional Biographical Directory, "William Taylor"
  74. ↑ Keller's Cellar kellerwilliams.net, Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  75. ↑ "Monty Williams | Basketball-Reference.com". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  76. ↑ "Why Italian Flags Downtown?". WFVA. June 17, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015. A delegation from Este, Italy is here. They are the city’s newest sister city.
  77. 1 2 Baroody, Timothy J. "Sister Cities". Fredericksburg, Virginia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  78. ↑ Jett, Cathy (Dec 15, 2015). "Fredericksburg Forming Sister City With Kathmandu". Free Lance-star. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  79. ↑ Larson, Susan (December 17, 2012). "City Adds Schwetzingen, Germany as Sister City". Fredericksburg Patch. Retrieved September 27, 2013.

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