Frank B. Kellogg

Frank B. Kellogg
45th United States Secretary of State
In office March 5, 1925 – March 28, 1929
President	Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover
Preceded by	Charles Evans Hughes
Succeeded by	Henry L. Stimson
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office January 14, 1924 – February 10, 1925
Monarch	George V
President	Calvin Coolidge
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	George B. M. Harvey
Succeeded by	Alanson B. Houghton
United States Senator from Minnesota
In office March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1923
Preceded by	Moses E. Clapp
Succeeded by	Henrik Shipstead
Personal details
Born	Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-12-22)December 22, 1856 Potsdam, New York
Died	December 21, 1937(1937-12-21) (aged 80) St. Paul, Minnesota
Political party	Republican
Profession	Politician, Lawyer
Awards	Legion of Honour
Signature

Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State.^[1] He co-authored the Kellogg–Briand Pact, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.^[2]

Early life

Kellogg was born in Potsdam, New York on December 22, 1856 to Frederick A. Kellogg (1851–1928) and Amy F. (née Bird) Kellogg (1855–1925). His brother was Clifford Frank Kellogg (1881–1946). His family moved to Minnesota in 1865.^[3]

Career

Kellogg was a self-trained lawyer who began practicing law in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1877. He served as city attorney of Rochester 1878–1881 and county attorney for Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1882 to 1887. He moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1886.^[3]

In 1905, Kellogg joined the federal government when Theodore Roosevelt asked Kellogg to prosecute a federal antitrust case.^[4] In 1906, Kellogg was appointed special counsel to the Interstate Commerce Commission for its investigation of E. H. Harriman. In 1908, he was appointed to lead the federal prosecution against Union Pacific Railroad, under the Sherman Antitrust Act.^[5][6][7] His most important case was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Following this successful prosecution, he was elected president of the American Bar Association (1912–1913).

United States Senate

In 1916, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota and served from March 4, 1917 to March 4, 1923 in the 65th, 66th, and 67th Congresses. During the ratification battle for the Treaty of Versailles, he was one of the few Republicans who supported ratification. He lost his re-election bid in 1922 and, in 1923, he was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile.^[3]

Ambassador to Great Britain

In 1924, he was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Great Britain,^[8] serving from January 14, 1924 to February 10, 1925. He succeeded George Brinton McClellan Harvey who served under Warren G. Harding and was succeeded by Alanson B. Houghton so that Kellogg could assume the role of Secretary of State.^[3]

Secretary of State

1927 hand signed passport by Frank B. Kellogg as Secretary of State

From 1925 until 1929, he served as the United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Coolidge.^[9] In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in Dublin, Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honour.^[3]

As Secretary of State, he was responsible for improving U.S.–Mexican relations and helping to resolve the long-standing Tacna–Arica controversy between Peru and Chile. His most significant accomplishment, however, was the Kellogg–Briand Pact, signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister Aristide Briand, the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." He was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition.^[3][10][11]

He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Personal life

Kellogg's former residence in Washington, D.C.

In 1886, Kellogg was married to Clara May Cook (1861–1942), the daughter of George Clinton Cook (1828–1901) and Elizabeth (née Burns) Cook (1838–1908).^[16]

In 1880, he became a member of the masonic lodge Rochester No. 21 where he received the degrees of freemasonry on April 1, April 19, and May 3.^[17]

He died from pneumonia, following a stroke, on the eve of his 81st birthday in St. Paul.^[1] He was buried at the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.^[3]

Legacy

In 1937, he endowed the Kellogg Foundation for Education in International Relations at Carleton College, where he was a trustee.^[18] His house in St. Paul, the Frank B. Kellogg House was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.^[19]

The following were named in his honor:

• Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul.^[20]
• Kellogg Middle School in Shoreline, Washington and Rochester, Minnesota, as was Frank B. Kellogg High School (closed 1986) in Little Canada, Minnesota which had been a part of Roseville School District 623.
• A Liberty ship, the SS Frank B. Kellogg

Papers

Frank B. Kellogg's papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society. They include correspondence and miscellaneous papers, State Department duplicates, news clippings scrapbooks, awards, floor plans, honorary degrees, maps, memorials and memoranda.^[21]

See also

• List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s

References

Notes

Sources

• Bryn-Jones, David. Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937. (Reprinted in 2007: ISBN 978-1-4325-8982-0)
• Ellis, Lewis Ethan. Frank B. Kellogg and American foreign relations, 1925-1929. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961.
• Ferrell, Robert H. Frank B. Kellogg & Henry L. Stimson: The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy. Cooper Square Publishers, 1963.
• Kellogg, Frank. China's Outstanding Problems, 1925.

Further reading

• Ferrell, Robert H. Frank B. Kellogg; Henry L. Stimson (1963) online

External links

• United States Congress. "Frank B. Kellogg (id: K000065)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank B. Kellogg.

• Eric Weber. "Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856-1937)." MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society.