Cyathea

Cyathea
Cyathea medullaris growing in New Zealand
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pteridophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida/Pteridopsida
(disputed)
Order: Cyatheales
Family: Cyatheaceae
Genus: Cyathea
J. E. Smith, 1793
Subgenera and sections
Synonyms
  • Acanthea Lindig, 1861
  • Alsophila R. Brown, 1810
  • Amphicosmia Gardner, 1842
  • Chlamydia Moore, 1857
  • Chnoophora Kaulfuss, 1824
  • Cormiophyllum Newman, 1856
  • Cyatheopsis Karsten, 1858
  • Dichorexia Presl, 1847
  • Dicranophlebia Martius, 1834
  • Disphenia Presl, 1836
  • Eatoniopteris Bommer, 1873
  • Eleutheria Kunze, 1844
  • Fourniera Bommer, 1873
  • Gymnopremnon Lindig, 1861
  • Gymnosphaera Blume, 1828
  • Halophlebia Martius, 1834
  • Hymenophyllopsis Goebel, 1929
  • Nephelea Tryon, 1970
  • Notocarpia Presl, 1836
  • Notophoria Presl, 1848
  • Sarcopholis
  • Schizocaena W. J. Hooker, 1838
  • Schizocaena J. E. Smith, 1838
  • Sclephropteris P. G. Windisch
  • Sphaeropteris Bernhardi, 1801
  • Thysanobotrya Alderwerelt, 1918
  • Trachypremnon Lindig, 1861
  • Trichipteris Presl, 1822
  • Trichopteris Spreng., orth. var.

Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.

The genus name Cyathea is derived from the Greek kyatheion, meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds.

Description

The species of Cyathea are mostly terrestrial ferns, usually with a single tall stem. Rarely, the trunk may be branched or creeping. Many species also develop a fibrous mass of roots at the base of the trunk.

The genus has a pantropical distribution, with over 470 species. They grow in habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to temperate woodlands.

Classification

The classification below follows the findings of Conant et al. in 1996 . Conant concluded, based on molecular cpDNA and morphological evidence, that a system of three clades – Alsophila, Cyathea and Sphaeropteris, whereby Alsophila is most basal and Cyathea and Sphaeropteris are derived sister groups – is the most accurate reflection of evolutionary lineages within the Cyatheaceae.

Subgenus Cyathea, section Alsophila
Subgenus Cyathea, section Cyathea
  • Cyathea acutidens
  • Cyathea aemula
  • Cyathea alata
  • Cyathea albomarginata
  • Cyathea alphonsiana
  • Cyathea alstonii
  • Cyathea amazonica
  • Cyathea andina
  • Cyathea arborea
  • Cyathea armata
  • Cyathea ars
  • Cyathea aspera
  • Cyathea atahuallpa
  • Cyathea aterrima
  • Cyathea atrovirens
  • Cyathea barringtonii
  • Cyathea × bernardii
  • Cyathea bettinae
  • Cyathea bicrenata
  • Cyathea bipinnata
  • Cyathea boliviana
  • Cyathea borinquena
  • Cyathea bradei
  • Cyathea brevistipes
  • Cyathea brunnescens
  • Cyathea × calolepis
  • Cyathea caracasana
  • Cyathea cicatricosa
  • Cyathea concordia
  • Cyathea conformis
  • Cyathea conjugata
  • Cyathea corallifera
  • Cyathea costaricensis
  • Cyathea cranhamii
  • Cyathea cyatheoides
  • Cyathea cyclodium
  • Cyathea cystolepis
  • Cyathea darienensis
  • Cyathea decomposita
  • Cyathea decorata
  • Cyathea decurrens
  • Cyathea delgadii
  • Cyathea demissa
  • Cyathea dichromatolepis
  • Cyathea dissimilis
  • Cyathea dissoluta
  • Cyathea divergens
  • Cyathea dombeyi
  • Cyathea dudleyi
  • Cyathea ebenina
  • Cyathea estelae
  • Cyathea falcata
  • Cyathea frigida
  • Cyathea fulva
  • Cyathea furfuracea
  • Cyathea gardneri[lower-alpha 1]
  • Cyathea gibbosa
  • Cyathea glauca
  • Cyathea gracilis
  • Cyathea halonata
  • Cyathea harrisii
  • Cyathea haughtii
  • Cyathea hemiepiphytica
  • Cyathea hirsuta
  • Cyathea hodgeana
  • Cyathea holdridgeana
  • Cyathea howeana
  • Cyathea impar
  • Cyathea intramarginalis
  • Cyathea jamaicensis
  • Cyathea kalbreyeri
  • Cyathea lasiosora
  • Cyathea latevagens
  • Cyathea lechleri
  • Cyathea leucofolis
  • Cyathea × lewisii
  • Cyathea lockwoodiana
  • Cyathea macrocarpa
  • Cyathea macrosora
  • Cyathea marginalis
  • Cyathea microdonta
  • Cyathea microphylla
  • Cyathea microphylla[lower-alpha 2]
  • Cyathea mucilagina
  • Cyathea multiflora
  • Cyathea multisegmenta
  • Cyathea myosuroides
  • Cyathea nanna
  • Cyathea nesiotica
  • Cyathea nigripes
  • Cyathea nodulifera
  • Cyathea notabilis
  • Cyathea onusta
  • Cyathea palaciosii
  • Cyathea paladensis
  • Cyathea pallescens
  • Cyathea parianensis
  • Cyathea parva[lower-alpha 3]
  • Cyathea parvula
  • Cyathea pauciflora
  • Cyathea petiolata
  • Cyathea phalaenolepis
  • Cyathea phalerata
  • Cyathea phegopteroides
  • Cyathea pilosissima
  • Cyathea pinnula
  • Cyathea platylepis
  • Cyathea poeppigii
  • Cyathea praecincta
  • Cyathea pseudonanna
  • Cyathea pubens
  • Cyathea punctata
  • Cyathea pungens
  • Cyathea robertsiana
  • Cyathea rufa
  • Cyathea ruiziana
  • Cyathea sagittifolia
  • Cyathea schiedeana
  • Cyathea schlimii
  • Cyathea senilis
  • Cyathea simplex
  • Cyathea sipapoensis
  • Cyathea speciosa
  • Cyathea squamulosa
  • Cyathea steyermarkii
  • Cyathea stipularis
  • Cyathea stokesii
  • Cyathea stolzei
  • Cyathea straminea
  • Cyathea subtropica
  • Cyathea suprastrigosa
  • Cyathea surinamensis
  • Cyathea tenera
  • Cyathea tortuosa
  • Cyathea trichiata
  • Cyathea tryonorum
  • Cyathea ursina
  • Cyathea valdecrenata
  • Cyathea venezuelensis
  • Cyathea villosa
  • Cyathea weatherbyana
  • Cyathea wendlandii
  • Cyathea werffii
  • Cyathea williamsii
Subgenus Sphaeropteris, section Sphaeropteris
  • Cyathea aciculosa
  • Cyathea aeneifolia
  • Cyathea agatheti
  • Cyathea albifrons
  • Cyathea albosetacea
  • Cyathea alternans
  • Cyathea angiensis
  • Cyathea angustipinna
  • Cyathea aramaganensis
  • Cyathea arthropoda
  • Cyathea assimilis
  • Cyathea atrospinosa
  • Cyathea atrox
  • Cyathea auriculifera
  • Cyathea binuangensis
  • Cyathea brackenridgei
  • Cyathea brownii
  • Cyathea brunei
  • Cyathea brunoniana
  • Cyathea capitata
  • Cyathea carrii
  • Cyathea celebica
  • Cyathea contaminans
  • Cyathea cooperi
  • Cyathea crinita
  • Cyathea cuatrecasassi
  • Cyathea curranii
  • Cyathea deminuens
  • Cyathea discophora
  • Cyathea elliptica
  • Cyathea elmeri
  • Cyathea feani
  • Cyathea felina
  • Cyathea fugax
  • Cyathea fusca
  • Cyathea gardneri
  • Cyathea hainanensis
  • Cyathea inaequalis
  • Cyathea insignis
  • Cyathea insularum
  • Cyathea integra
  • Cyathea intermedia
  • Cyathea × lathamii
  • Cyathea leichhardtiana
  • Cyathea lepifera
  • Cyathea leucolepis
  • Cyathea leucotricha
  • Cyathea lunulata
  • Cyathea macrophylla
  • Cyathea magna
  • Cyathea marginata
  • Cyathea medullaris
  • Cyathea megalosora
  • Cyathea mertensiana
  • Cyathea microlepidota
  • Cyathea moluccana
  • Cyathea moseleyi
  • Cyathea nigricans
  • Cyathea novae-caledoniae
  • Cyathea obliqua
  • Cyathea obscura
  • Cyathea papuana
  • Cyathea parksii
  • Cyathea parvipinna
  • Cyathea persquamulifera
  • Cyathea philippinensis
  • Cyathea pilulifera
  • Cyathea polypoda
  • Cyathea princeps
  • Cyathea procera
  • Cyathea propinqua
  • Cyathea pulcherrima
  • Cyathea quindiuensis
  • Cyathea robinsonii
  • Cyathea robusta
  • Cyathea rosenstockii
  • Cyathea runensis
  • Cyathea sarasinorum
  • Cyathea senex
  • Cyathea setifera
  • Cyathea sibuyanensis
  • Cyathea squamulata
  • Cyathea stipipinnula
  • Cyathea strigosa
  • Cyathea subsessilis
  • Cyathea suluensis
  • Cyathea tenggerensis
  • Cyathea teysmannii
  • Cyathea tomentosa
  • Cyathea tomentosissima
  • Cyathea trichodesma
  • Cyathea trichophora
  • Cyathea tripinnata
  • Cyathea tripinnatifida
  • Cyathea truncata
  • Cyathea vaupelii
  • Cyathea verrucosa
  • Cyathea vittata
  • Cyathea wallacei
  • Cyathea werneri
  • Cyathea whitmeei
  • Cyathea womersleyi
  • Cyathea zamboangana
Subgenus Hymenophyllopsis
  • Cyathea asplenioides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis asplenioides
  • Cyathea ctenitoides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis ctenitoides
  • Cyathea dejecta syn.: Hymenophyllopsis dejecta
  • Cyathea hymenophylloidessyn.: Hymenophyllopsis hymenophylloides
  • Cyathea incognita syn.: Hymenophyllopsis incognita
  • Cyathea tepuiana syn.: Hymenophyllopsis steyermarkii
  • Cyathea trichomanoides syn.: Hymenophyllopsis superba
  • Cyathea universitatis syn.: Hymenophyllopsis universitatis

Uncertain or dubious taxa

Misassigned taxa

  • Cyathea abitaguensis (Domin) Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
  • Cyathea antillana Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea aristata Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria apiculata
  • Cyathea choricarpa (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria choricarpa
  • Cyathea commutata Sprengel, 1804 = Cnemidaria horrida
  • Cyathea decurrentiloba Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea elegantissima (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea ewanii Alston, 1958 = Cnemidaria ewanii
  • Cyathea grandifolia Willdenow, 1810 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea grandis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
  • Cyathea guatemalensis (Maxon) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea horrida (Linnaeus) J. E. Smith, 1793 = Cnemidaria horrida
  • Cyathea imrayana (W. J. Hooker) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea karsteniana Klotzsch, 1852 = Cnemidaria karsteniana
  • Cyathea kohautiana (Presl) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea leprieurii (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria cruciata
  • Cyathea liebmannii Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea lucida (Fée) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria decurrens
  • Cyathea minita Kaulfuss, 1824 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea mutica (Christ) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria mutica
  • Cyathea obtusa (Kaulfuss) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria grandifolia
  • Cyathea roraimensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria roraimensis
  • Cyathea spectabilis (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. colombiensis Stolze, 1974 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. colombiensis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. longipinna (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
    • Cyathea spectabilis var. trinitensis (Domin) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria spectabilis var. spectabilis
  • Cyathea subarborescens Domin, 1930 = Cnemidaria uleana
  • Cyathea subincisa (Kunze) Domin, 1929 = Cnemidaria speciosa

References

  1. Ranil, R.H.G., D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara, T. Janssen, D.S.A. Wijesundara & D.U.M.B. Dhanasekara 2010. Cyathea srilankensis Ranil: a new tree fern species from Sri Lanka. American Fern Journal 100(1): 39–44. doi:10.1640/0002-8444-100.1.39

Notes

  1. Cyathea gardneri (W. J. Hooker) Lellinger 1987, not C. gardneri W. J. Hooker 1844.
  2. Cyathea microphylla (Klotzsch) Tryon 1970, not C. microphylla Mettenius 1856.
  3. Cyathea parva (Maxon) Tryon 1976, not C. parva Copeland 1942.

Bibliography

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