Four hu
The four hu (Chinese: 四呼; pinyin: sì hū) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are[1][2]
- kāikǒu (開口, "open mouth"), finals without a medial
- qíchǐ (齊齒, "even teeth"), finals beginning with [i]
- hékǒu (合口, "closed mouth"), finals beginning with [u]
- cuōkǒu (撮口, "round mouth"), finals beginning with [y]
The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.[3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.[4]
This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:[lower-alpha 1]
| Kāikǒu | Qíchǐ | Hékǒu | Cuōkǒu | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | |||
| a | ㄚ | a | ia | ㄧㄚ | ia | ua | ㄨㄚ | ua | ||||||
| ɤ | ㄜ | e | ie | ㄧㄝ | ie | uo | ㄨㄛ | uo[lower-alpha 2] | ye | ㄩㄝ | üe[lower-alpha 3] | |||
| ɨ | ㄭ | -i | i | ㄧ | i | u | ㄨ | u | y | ㄩ | ü[lower-alpha 3] | |||
| ai | ㄞ | ai | uai | ㄨㄞ | uai | |||||||||
| ei | ㄟ | ei | uei | ㄨㄟ | wei/-ui | |||||||||
| au | ㄠ | ao | iau | ㄧㄠ | iao | |||||||||
| ou | ㄡ | ou | iou | ㄧㄡ | you/-iu | |||||||||
| an | ㄢ | an | iɛn | ㄧㄢ | ian | uan | ㄨㄢ | uan | yɛn | ㄩㄢ | üan[lower-alpha 3] | |||
| ən | ㄣ | en | in | ㄧㄣ | in | uən | ㄨㄣ | wen/-un | yn | ㄩㄣ | ün[lower-alpha 3] | |||
| aŋ | ㄤ | ang | iaŋ | ㄧㄤ | iang | uaŋ | ㄨㄤ | uang | ||||||
| əŋ | ㄥ | eng | iŋ | ㄧㄥ | ing | uəŋ | ㄨㄥ | weng | ||||||
| ʊŋ | ㄨㄥ | -ong | iʊŋ | ㄩㄥ | iong | |||||||||
| aɚ | ㄦ | er | ||||||||||||
Notes
- ↑ IPA of vowels from Lee & Zee (2003:110–111), Duanmu (2007:55–58) and Lin (2007:65)
- ↑ uo is spelled as o after b, p, m and f.
- 1 2 3 4 ü is spelled as u after j, q, x and y.
References
- Citations
- ↑ Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
- ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984). Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8.
- ↑ Norman (1988), p. 32.
- ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1999). "Traditional Chinese phonology" (PDF). Asia Major. Third series. 12 (2): 101–137. JSTOR 41645549. pp 128–129.
- Works cited
- Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
- Duanmu, San (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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