Ahlswede–Daykin inequality

A fundamental tool in statistical mechanics and probabilistic combinatorics (especially random graphs and the probabilistic method), the Ahlswede–Daykin inequality (Ahlswede & Daykin 1978), also known as the four functions theorem (or inequality), is a correlation-type inequality for four functions on a finite distributive lattice.

It states that if $f_{1},f_{2},f_{3},f_{4}$ are nonnegative functions on a finite distributive lattice such that

f_{1}(x)f_{2}(y)\leq f_{3}(x\vee y)f_{4}(x\wedge y)

for all x, y in the lattice, then

f_{1}(X)f_{2}(Y)\leq f_{3}(X\vee Y)f_{4}(X\wedge Y)

for all subsets X, Y of the lattice, where

f(X)=\sum _{{x\in X}}f(x)

and

X\vee Y=\{x\vee y\mid x\in X,y\in Y\}

X\wedge Y=\{x\wedge y\mid x\in X,y\in Y\}.

The Ahlswede–Daykin inequality can be used to provide a short proof of both the Holley inequality and the FKG inequality. It also implies the Fishburn–Shepp inequality.

For a proof, see the original article (Ahlswede & Daykin 1978) or (Alon & Spencer 2000).

Generalizations

The "four functions theorem" was independently generalized to 2k functions in (Aharoni & Keich 1996) and (Rinott & Saks 1991).

Ahlswede, Rudolf; Daykin, David E. (1978), "An inequality for the weights of two families of sets, their unions and intersections", Probability Theory and Related Fields, 43 (3): 183–185, ISSN 0178-8051, MR 0491189, doi:10.1007/BF00536201
Alon, N.; Spencer, J. H. (2000), The probabilistic method. Second edition. With an appendix on the life and work of Paul Erdős., Wiley-Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-37046-0, MR 1885388
Fishburn, P.C. (2001) [1994], "a/a110440", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Aharoni, Ron; Keich, Uri (1996), "A Generalization of the Ahlswede Daykin Inequality", Discrete Mathematics, 152: 1–12, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(94)00294-S
Rinott, Yosef; Saks, Michael (1991), "Correlation inequalities and a conjecture for permanents", COMBINATORICA, 13 (3): 269–277, doi:10.1007/BF01202353

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