Teriparatide

Teriparatide
Clinical data
Trade names Forteo
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration		 Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 95%
Metabolism Hepatic (nonspecific proteolysis)
Biological half-life Subcutaneous: 1 hour
Excretion Renal (metabolites)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ECHA InfoCard 100.168.733
Chemical and physical data
Formula C181H291N55O51S2
Molar mass 4117.72 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Teriparatide is a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive portion of the hormone. It is an effective anabolic (i.e., bone growing) agent[1] used in the treatment of some forms of osteoporosis.[2] It is also occasionally used off-label to speed fracture healing. Teriparatide is identical to a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and intermittent use activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, which leads to an overall increase in bone.

Teriparatide is sold by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand name Forteo. In the United States as of 2015 each dose costs between 579 and 967 USD.[3]

Medical uses

Teriparatide is the only anabolic (i.e., bone growing) agent[1] indicated for use in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a high risk for fracture or with a history of osteoporotic fracture, patients with multiple risk factors for fracture, and for patients who have failed or are intolerant to other available osteoporosis therapy.[4] It has been FDA-approved since 2002.[5] It is effective in growing bone (e.g., 8% increase in bone density in the spine after one year)[6] and reducing the risk of fragility fractures.[5][7] Osteoporosis medications are generally safe, but some side effects of teriparatide include headache, nausea, dizziness, and limb pain.[5]

One randomized trial of postmenopausal women who had already fractured vertebra compared teriparatide at either 20 or 40 micrograms per day with placebo. After about 19 months, 14% of the women taking placebo had new vertebral fractures, as compared with 5% of the women taking 20 micrograms of teriparatide and 4% of the women taking 40 micrograms. There were also a statistically significant lower number of non-vertebral fractures in the teriparatide treated group. 20 micrograms of teriparatide increased spine and hip bone mineral density.[4]

Other

Teriparatide is used as off-label therapy to speed fracture repair and treat fracture nonunions.[8] It has been reported to have been successfully used to heal fracture nonunions.[9] Generally, due to HIPAA regulations, it is not publicized when American athletes receive this treatment to improve fracture recovery.[8] But an Italian soccer player, Francesco Totti, was given teriparatide after a tibia/fibula fracture, and he unexpectedly recovered in time for the 2006 World Cup.[8] It has been reported that Mark Mulder used it to recover from a hip fracture Oakland A's for the 2003 MLB playoffs[10] and Terrell Owens to recover from an ankle fracture before the 2005 Super Bowl.[10]

Administration

Teriparatide is administered by injection once a day in the thigh or abdomen.[1][4]

Contraindications

Teriparatide should not be prescribed for people who are at increased risks for osteosarcoma. This includes those with Paget's Disease of bone or unexplained elevations of serum alkaline phosphate, open epiphysis, or prior radiation therapy involving the skeleton.

Adverse effects

Teriparatide has a theoretical risk of osteosarcoma, which was found in rat studies but not confirmed in humans.[1] This may be because unlike humans, rat bones grow for their entire life.[1] The tumors found in the rat studies were located on the end of the bones which grew after the injections began.[11] After nine years on the market, there were only two cases of osteosarcoma reported.[6] This risk was considered by the FDA as "extremely rare" (1 in 100,000 people)[5] and is only slightly more than the incidence in the population over 60 years old (0.4 in 100,000).[5]

Mechanism of action

Teriparatide is a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH), amino acid sequence 1 through 34, of the complete molecule (containing 84 amino acids). Endogenous PTH is the primary regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism in bone and kidney. PTH increases serum calcium, partially accomplishing this by increasing bone resorption. Thus, chronically elevated PTH will deplete bone stores. However, intermittent exposure to PTH will activate osteoblasts more than osteoclasts. Thus, once-daily injections of teriparatide have a net effect of stimulating new bone formation leading to increased bone mineral density.[12][13][14]

Teriparatide is the first FDA approved agent for the treatment of osteoporosis that stimulates new bone formation.[15]

FDA approval

Teriparatide was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 26 November 2002, for the treatment of osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women who are at high risk for having a fracture. The drug is also approved to increase bone mass in men with primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture.

Combined teriparatide and denosumab

Combined teriparatide and denosumab increased BMD more than either agent alone and more than has been reported with approved therapies. Combination treatment might, therefore, be useful to treat patients at high risk of fracture.[16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Riek AE and Towler DA (2011). "The pharmacological management of osteoporosis". Missouri Medicine. 108 (2): 118–23. PMC 3597219 Freely accessible. PMID 21568234.
  2. ↑ Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S, et al. (November 2007). "Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (20): 2028–39. PMID 18003959. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071408.
  3. ↑ Langreth, Robert (June 29, 2016). "Decoding Big Pharma’s Secret Drug Pricing Practices". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Estébanez, P.; Sarasqueta, C.; Nájera, R.; Contreras, G.; Pérez, L.; Fitch, K.; Vicente, A. (1992). "Prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I/II in Spanish seamen". Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 5 (3): 316–317. PMID 1346808. doi:10.1097/00126334-199203000-00015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Rizzoli, R.; Reginster, J. Y.; Boonen, S.; Bréart, G. R.; Diez-Perez, A.; Felsenberg, D.; Kaufman, J. M.; Kanis, J. A.; Cooper, C. (2011). "Adverse Reactions and Drug–Drug Interactions in the Management of Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis". Calcified Tissue International. 89 (2): 91–104. PMC 3135835 Freely accessible. PMID 21637997. doi:10.1007/s00223-011-9499-8.
  6. 1 2 Kawai, M.; Mödder, U. I.; Khosla, S.; Rosen, C. J. (2011). "Emerging therapeutic opportunities for skeletal restoration". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 10 (2): 141–156. PMC 3135105 Freely accessible. PMID 21283108. doi:10.1038/nrd3299.
  7. ↑ Murad, M. H.; Drake, M. T.; Mullan, R. J.; Mauck, K. F.; Stuart, L. M.; Lane, M. A.; Abu Elnour, N. O.; Erwin, P. J.; Hazem, A.; Puhan, M. A.; Li, T.; Montori, V. M. (2012). "Comparative Effectiveness of Drug Treatments to Prevent Fragility Fractures: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 97 (6): 1871–1880. PMID 22466336. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3060.
  8. 1 2 3 Bruce Jancin (2011-12-12). "Accelerating Fracture Healing With Teriparatide". Internal Medicine News Digital Network. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  9. ↑ Giannotti, S.; Bottai, V.; Dell’Osso, G.; Pini, E.; De Paola, G.; Bugelli, G.; Guido, G. (2013). "Current medical treatment strategies concerning fracture healing". Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 10 (2): 116–120. PMC 3796998 Freely accessible. PMID 24133528.
  10. 1 2 William L. Carroll (2005). "Chapter 1: Defining the Issue". The Juice: The Real Story of Baseball's Drug Problems. ISBN 1-56663-668-X. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
  11. ↑ http://www.drugs.com/pro/forteo.html
  12. ↑ Bauer, E; Aub, JC; Albright, F (1929). "Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism: V. Study of the bone trabeculae as a readily available reserve supply of calcium". J Exp Med. 49 (1): 145–162. PMC 2131520 Freely accessible. PMID 19869533. doi:10.1084/jem.49.1.145.
  13. ↑ Selye, H (1932). "On the stimulation of new bone formation with parathyroid extract and irradiated ergosterol". Endocrinology. 16 (5): 547–558. doi:10.1210/endo-16-5-547.
  14. ↑ Dempster, D. W.; Cosman, F.; Parisien, M.; Shen, V.; Lindsay, R. (1993). "Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone". Endocrine Reviews. 14 (6): 690–709. PMID 8119233. doi:10.1210/edrv-14-6-690.
  15. ↑ Fortéo: teriparatide (rDNA origin) injection
  16. ↑ Tsai, Joy N; Uihlein, Alexander V; Lee, Hang; Kumbhani, Ruchit; Siwila-Sackman, Erica; McKay, Elizabeth A; Burnett-Bowie, Sherri-Ann M; Neer, Robert M; Leder, Benjamin Z (2013). "Teriparatide and denosumab, alone or combined, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: The DATA study randomised trial". The Lancet. 382 (9886): 50. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60856-9.
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