Bigfoot

Bigfoot
Frame 352 from 1967 Patterson–Gimlin film; some claim it shows a Bigfoot, and others a man in a gorilla suit.[1]
Grouping Cryptids, Folklore of the United States, Kwakwaka'wakw mythology, Salishan oral narratives
Similar creatures Skunk Ape, Yeren, Yowie, Mande Barung, Orang Pendek, Yeti, Barmanou
Other name(s) Sasquatch
Country United States, Canada
Region Pacific Northwest
Habitat Mountains, forest

Bigfoot (also known as Sasquatch) is a cryptid which supposedly is a simian-like creature[2] of American folklore that is said to inhabit forests, especially in the Pacific Northwest. Bigfoot is usually described as a large, hairy, bipedal humanoid. The term sasquatch is an Anglicized derivative of the Halkomelem word sásq'ets.[3][4][5]

Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination of folklore, misidentification, and hoax,[6] rather than a living animal. They note the lack of physical evidence after centuries of investigation, despite the fact that numerous creatures would have to exist in order to maintain a breeding population.[7][8] A small group of investigators are sustained in their interest by occasional new reports of sightings.[9] Such reports are attributed to persons seeing various animals, particularly black bears.

Description

Individuals claiming to have seen Bigfoot describe it as a large, hairy, muscular, bipedal ape-like creature, roughly 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in), covered in hair described as black, dark brown, or dark reddish.[7][10] Some descriptions include details such as large eyes, a pronounced brow ridge, and a large, low-set forehead. The top of the head has been described as rounded and crested, similar to the sagittal crest of the male gorilla. The creature has been reported as having a strong, unpleasant smell.[11]

The enormous footprints for which the creature is named are claimed to be as large as 24 inches (60 cm) long and 8 inches (20 cm) wide.[10] Some footprint casts have also contained claw marks, making it likely that they came from known animals, such as bears, which have five toes and claws.[12][13]

Proponents of Bigfoot's existence claim that the creature is omnivorous and mainly nocturnal.[14]

History

Wild men stories are found among the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Anthropologist and cryptozoologist Grover Krantz has written that stories of the indigenous population which can be confidently related to the Sasquatch, correspond to the areas where white Americans have reported similar sightings.[15] According to David Daegling, the legends existed before there was a single name for the creature.[16] They differed in their details both regionally and between families in the same community. Similar accounts and legends of wild men are found on every continent except Antarctica.[16]

Ecologist Robert Pyle argues that most cultures have accounts of human-like giants in their folk history, expressing a need for "some larger-than-life creature."[17] Each language had its own name for the creature featured in the local version of such legends. Many names meant something along the lines of "wild man" or "hairy man", although other names described common actions it was said to perform, such as eating clams or shaking trees.[18] Chief Mischelle of the Nlaka'pamux at Lytton, British Columbia told such a story to Charles Hill-Tout in 1898; he named the creature by a Salishan variant meaning "the benign-faced-one".

Members of the Lummi tell tales about Ts'emekwes, the local version of Bigfoot. The stories are similar to each other in the general descriptions of Ts'emekwes, but details about the creature's diet and activities differed among various family accounts.[19]

Some regional versions tell of more threatening creatures. The stiyaha or kwi-kwiyai were a nocturnal race. Children were warned against saying the names, lest the monsters hear and come to carry off a person—sometimes to be killed.[20] In 1847, Paul Kane reported stories by the native people about skoocooms: a race of cannibalistic wildmen living on the peak of Mount St. Helens in what is now southern Washington state.[12]

Less-menacing versions have also been recorded, such as one by Reverend Elkanah Walker. In 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants among the Native Americans living near present-day Spokane, Washington. The Indians said that these giants lived on and around the peaks of nearby mountains and stole salmon from the fishermen's nets.[21]

In the 1920s Indian Agent J. W. Burns compiled local stories and published them in a series of Canadian newspaper articles: they were accounts told to him by the Sts'Ailes people of Chehalis, and others. The Sts'Ailes maintained, as did other indigenous peoples of the region, that the Sasquatch were real. They were offended by whites telling them that the figures were legendary. According to Sts'Ailes eyewitness accounts, the Sasquatch preferred to avoid white men, and spoke the Lillooet language of the people at Port Douglas, British Columbia at the head of Harrison Lake. These accounts were published again in 1940.[22][23]

Burns borrowed the term Sasquatch from the Halkomelem sásq'ets (IPA: [ˈsæsqʼəts])[3] and used it in his articles to describe a hypothetical single type of creature portrayed in the local stories.[12][18][24]

Spotted Elk, bears, and the origin of the "Bigfoot" name

1895 article describing a giant grizzly bear named "Bigfoot".[25]

The name "Bigfoot" for the creature was first recorded by European Americans in the late 19th century. Spotted Elk, also called Chief Big Foot, was a well-known Lakota leader who was killed during the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Famous in his time, he may have been the namesake for two fabled bears in the West. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries at least two enormous marauding grizzly bears, each nicknamed "Bigfoot", were widely noted in the press. This may have inspired the common name of the ape-creature and been a matter of confusion in early stories. The first grizzly bear Bigfoot was reportedly killed near Fresno, California in 1895 after killing sheep for 15 years; his weight was estimated at 2,000 pounds (900 kg).[25] The second grizzly bear Bigfoot was active in Idaho in the 1890s and 1900s, between the Snake and Salmon rivers; it was attributed with nearly supernatural powers.

"Nearly twice the size of an ordinary grizzly, Bigfoot for years has levied his tribute of prime steers and no one has been found brave enough or clever enough to catch or kill him. With a single blow of his giant paw he kills the largest and best animal he can find and he usually takes the pick of a herd. He makes a single meal of the animal, and it is usually a meal that would provide a camp full of men for a week, and disappears, never to return to that locality again that season."[26]

The Idaho Bigfoot was shot and killed in 1902 near Pierce City, and was credited with killing 1,000 cattle in his lifetime.[27]

Sightings

Distribution of reported Bigfoot sightings in the United States and Canada.

About one-third of all claims of Bigfoot sightings are located in the Pacific Northwest, with the remaining reports spread throughout the rest of North America.[12][28][29] Most reports are considered mistakes or hoaxes, even by those researchers who say that Bigfoot exists.[30]

As Bigfoot has become better known and a phenomenon in popular culture, sightings have spread throughout North America. In addition to the Pacific Northwest, rural areas of the Great Lakes region and the Southeastern United States have been sources of numerous reports of Bigfoot sightings.[31] The debate over the legitimacy of Bigfoot sightings reached a peak in the 1970s, and Bigfoot has been regarded as the first widely popularized example of pseudoscience in American culture.[32]

Proposed explanations for sightings

Various types of creatures have been suggested to explain both the sightings and what type of creature Bigfoot would be. The scientific community typically attributes sightings to either hoaxes or misidentification of known animals and their tracks, particularly black bears.[33]

Misidentification

A 2007 photo of an unidentified animal the Bigfoot Research Organization claims is a "juvenile Sasquatch"[34]

In 2007, the Pennsylvania Game Commission said that the photos that the Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization said showed a juvenile Bigfoot were of a bear with mange.[35][36] Anthropologist Jeffrey Meldrum, on the other hand, said that the limb proportions of the suspected juvenile in question were not bear-like, and said that he believed they were "more like a chimpanzee."[37]

Hoaxes

Both Bigfoot believers and non-believers agree that many of the reported sightings are hoaxes or misidentified animals.[9]

Bigfoot sightings or footprints have, in some cases, been shown to be hoaxes. Author Jerome Clark argues that the Jacko Affair, involving an 1884 newspaper report of an apelike creature captured in British Columbia, was a hoax. Citing research by John Green, who found that several contemporary British Columbia newspapers regarded the alleged capture as highly dubious, Clark notes that the Mainland Guardian of New Westminster, British Columbia, wrote, "Absurdity is written on the face of it."[38]

On July 14, 2005, Tom Biscardi, a long-time Bigfoot enthusiast and CEO of Searching for Bigfoot Inc., appeared on the Coast to Coast AM paranormal radio show. He said that he was "98% sure that his group will be able to capture a Bigfoot which they had been tracking in the Happy Camp, California area."[39] A month later, Biscardi announced on the same radio show that he had access to a captured Bigfoot and was arranging a pay-per-view event for people to see it. Biscardi appeared on Coast to Coast AM again a few days later to announce that there was no captive Bigfoot. Biscardi blamed an unnamed woman for misleading him, and said that the show's audience was gullible.[39]

On July 9, 2008, Rick Dyer and Matthew Whitton posted a video to YouTube, claiming that they had discovered the body of a dead Sasquatch in a forest in northern Georgia. Tom Biscardi was contacted to investigate. Dyer and Whitton received $50,000 from Searching for Bigfoot, Inc. as a good faith gesture.[40] The story was covered by many major news networks, including BBC,[41] CNN,[42] ABC News,[43] and Fox News.[44] Soon after a press conference, the alleged Bigfoot body was delivered in a block of ice in a freezer with the Searching for Bigfoot team. When the contents were thawed, observers found that the hair was not real, the head was hollow, and the feet were rubber.[45] Dyer and Whitton admitted it was a hoax after being confronted by Steve Kulls, executive director of SquatchDetective.com.[46]

In August 2012, a man in Montana was killed by a car while perpetrating a Bigfoot hoax using a ghillie suit.[47][48]

In January 2014, Rick Dyer, perpetrator of a previous Bigfoot hoax, said he had killed a Bigfoot creature in September 2012 outside San Antonio, Texas. He said he had scientific tests performed on the body, "from DNA tests to 3D optical scans to body scans. It is the real deal. It's Bigfoot, and Bigfoot's here, and I shot it, and now I'm proving it to the world."[49][50] He said that he intended to take the body, which he had kept in a hidden location, on tour across North America in 2014. He released photos of the body and a video showing a few individuals' reactions to seeing it,[51] but never released any of the tests or scans. He refused to disclose the test results or provide biological samples. He said that the DNA results, which were done by an undisclosed lab, could not be matched to identify any known animal.[52] Dyer said he would reveal the body and tests on February 9,2014, at a news conference at Washington University,[53] but he never made the test results available.[54] After the Phoenix tour, the Bigfoot body was taken to Houston.[55] On March 28, 2014, Dyer admitted on his Facebook page that his "Bigfoot corpse" was another hoax. He had paid Chris Russel of Twisted Toy Box to manufacture the prop, which he nicknamed "Hank", from latex, foam, and camel hair. Dyer earned approximately US$60,000 from the tour of this second fake Bigfoot corpse. He said that he did kill a Bigfoot, but did not take the real body on tour for fear that it would be stolen.[56][57]

Gigantopithecus

Fossil jaw of Gigantopithecus blacki, an extinct primate

Bigfoot proponents Grover Krantz and Geoffrey H. Bourne believed that Bigfoot could be a relict population of Gigantopithecus. According to Bourne, all Gigantopithecus fossils were found in Asia. Given that many species of animals migrated across the Bering land bridge, they believed that it was reasonable to assume that Gigantopithecus might have as well.[58]

Gigantopithecus fossils have not been found in the Americas. The only recovered fossils are of mandibles and teeth, leaving uncertainty about Gigantopithecus's locomotion. Krantz has argued, based on his extrapolation of the shape of its mandible, that Gigantopithecus blacki could have been bipedal. However, the relevant part of the mandible is not present in any fossils.[59] An alternative view is that Gigantopithecus was quadrupedal. The Gigantopithecus's enormous mass would have made it difficult for it to adopt a bipedal gait.

Matt Cartmill criticizes the Gigantopithecus hypothesis:

"The trouble with this account is that Gigantopithecus was not a hominin and maybe not even a crown group hominoid; yet the physical evidence implies that Bigfoot is an upright biped with buttocks and a long, stout, permanently adducted hallux. These are hominin autapomorphies, not found in other mammals or other bipeds. It seems unlikely that Gigantopithecus would have evolved these uniquely hominin traits in parallel."[60]

Bernard G. Campbell wrote: "That Gigantopithecus is in fact extinct has been questioned by those who believe it survives as the Yeti of the Himalayas and the Sasquatch of the north-west American coast. But the evidence for these creatures is not convincing."[61]

Extinct hominidae

A species of Paranthropus, such as Paranthropus robustus, with its gorilla-like crested skull and bipedal gait, was suggested by primatologist John R. Napier and anthropologist Gordon Strasenburg as a possible candidate for Bigfoot's identity,[62] despite the fact that fossils of Paranthropus are found only in Africa.

Michael Rugg, of the Bigfoot Discovery Museum, presented a comparison between human, Gigantopithecus and Meganthropus skulls (reconstructions made by Grover Krantz) in episodes 131 and 132 of the Bigfoot Discovery Museum Show.[63] He favorably compares a modern tooth suspected of coming from a Bigfoot to the Meganthropus fossil teeth, noting the worn enamel on the occlusal surface. The Meganthropus fossils originated from Asia, and the tooth was found near Santa Cruz, California.

Some suggest Neanderthal, Homo erectus, or Homo heidelbergensis to be the creature, but no remains of any of those species have been found in the Americas.[64]

Scientific view

The evidence that does exist supporting the survival of such a large, prehistoric ape-like creature has been attributed to hoaxes or delusion rather than to sightings of a genuine creature.[7] In a 1996 USA Today article, Washington State zoologist John Crane said, "There is no such thing as Bigfoot. No data other than material that's clearly been fabricated has ever been presented."[17] In addition, scientists cite the fact that Bigfoot is alleged to live in regions unusual for a large, nonhuman primate, i.e., temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere; all recognized apes are found in the tropics of Africa and Asia.

Mainstream scientists do not consider the subject of Bigfoot an area of credible science[65] and there have been a limited number of formal scientific studies of Bigfoot.

Evidence such as the 1967 Patterson–Gimlin film has provided "no supportive data of any scientific value".[66]

As with other similar beings, climate and food supply issues would make such a creature's survival in reported habitats unlikely.[67] Great apes have not been found in the fossil record in the Americas, and no Bigfoot remains are known to have been found. Phillips Stevens, a cultural anthropologist at the University at Buffalo, summarized the scientific consensus as follows:

“ It defies all logic that there is a population of these things sufficient to keep them going. What it takes to maintain any species, especially a long-lived species, is you gotta have a breeding population. That requires a substantial number, spread out over a fairly wide area where they can find sufficient food and shelter to keep hidden from all the investigators.[8] ”

In the 1970s, when Bigfoot experts were frequently given high-profile media coverage, Mcleod writes that the scientific community generally avoided lending credence to the theories by debating them.[32]

Researchers

Ivan T. Sanderson and Bernard Heuvelmans have spent parts of their career searching for Bigfoot.[68] Later scientists who researched the topic included Carleton S. Coon, George Allen Agogino and William Charles Osman Hill, although they came to no definite conclusions and later drifted from this research.[69]

Anthropologist Jeffrey Meldrum has said that the fossil remains of an ancient giant ape called Gigantopithecus could turn out to be ancestors of today's commonly known Bigfoot.[70][71] John Napier asserts that the scientific community's attitude towards Bigfoot stems primarily from insufficient evidence.[72] Other scientists who have shown varying degrees of interest in the creature are David J. Daegling,[73] George Schaller,[17][74][75] Russell Mittermeier, Daris Swindler, Esteban Sarmiento,[76] and Carleton S. Coon.[77]

Formal studies

The first scientific study of available evidence was conducted by John Napier and published in his book, Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality, in 1973.[78] Napier wrote that if a conclusion is to be reached based on scant extant "'hard' evidence," science must declare "Bigfoot does not exist."[79] However, he found it difficult to entirely reject thousands of alleged tracks, "scattered over 125,000 square miles" (325,000 km²) or to dismiss all "the many hundreds" of eyewitness accounts. Napier concluded, "I am convinced that Sasquatch exists, but whether it is all it is cracked up to be is another matter altogether. There must be something in north-west America that needs explaining, and that something leaves man-like footprints."[80]

In 1974, the National Wildlife Federation funded a field study seeking Bigfoot evidence. No formal federation members were involved and the study made no notable discoveries.[81]

Beginning in the late 1970s, physical anthropologist Grover Krantz published several articles and four book-length treatments of Sasquatch. However, his work was found to contain multiple scientific failings including falling for hoaxes.[82]

A study published in the Journal of Biogeography in 2009 by J.D. Lozier et al. used ecological niche modeling on reported sightings of Bigfoot, using their locations to infer Bigfoot's preferred ecological parameters. They found a very close match with the ecological parameters of the American black bear, Ursus americanus. They also note that an upright bear looks much like Bigfoot's purported appearance and consider it highly improbable that two species should have very similar ecological preferences, concluding that Bigfoot sightings are likely sightings of black bears.[83]

In the first systematic genetic analysis of 30 hair samples that were suspected to be from bigfoot, yeti, sasquatch, almasty or other anomalous primates, only one was found to be primate in origin, and that was identified as human. A joint study by the University of Oxford and Lausanne's Cantonal Museum of Zoology and published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B in 2014, the team used a previously published cleaning method to remove all surface contamination and the ribosomal mitochondrial DNA 12S fragment of the sample was sequenced and then compared to GenBank to identify the species origin. The samples submitted were from different parts of the world, including the United States, Russia, the Himalayas, and Sumatra. Other than one sample of human origin, all but two are from common animals. Black and brown bear accounted for most of the samples, other animals include cow, horse, dog/wolf/coyote, sheep, goat, raccoon, porcupine, deer and tapir. The last two samples were thought to match a fossilized genetic sample of a 40,000 year old polar bear of the Pleistocene epoch;[84] however, a later study disputes this finding. In the second paper, tests identified the hairs as being from a rare type of brown bear.[85][86]

Bigfoot claims

After what The Huffington Post described as "a five-year study of purported Bigfoot (also known as Sasquatch) DNA samples,"[87] but prior to peer review of the work, on November 24, 2012, DNA Diagnostics, a veterinary laboratory headed by veterinarian Melba Ketchum, issued a press release claiming that they had found proof that the Sasquatch "is a human relative that arose approximately 15,000 years ago as a hybrid cross of modern Homo sapiens with an unknown primate species." Ketchum called for this to be recognized officially, saying that "Government at all levels must recognize them as an indigenous people and immediately protect their human and Constitutional rights against those who would see in their physical and cultural differences a 'license' to hunt, trap, or kill them."[88]

Failing to find a scientific journal that would publish their results, Ketchum announced on February 13, 2013 that their research had been published in the DeNovo Journal of Science. The Huffington Post discovered that the journal's domain had been registered anonymously only nine days before the announcement. This was the only edition of DeNovo and was listed as Volume 1, Issue 1, with its only content being the Ketchum paper.[88][89][90]

Shortly after publication, the paper was analyzed and outlined by Sharon Hill of Doubtful News for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Hill reported on the questionable journal, mismanaged DNA testing and poor quality paper, stating that "The few experienced geneticists who viewed the paper reported a dismal opinion of it noting it made little sense."[91]

The Scientist magazine also analyzed the paper, reporting that:

“ Geneticists who have seen the paper are not impressed. "To state the obvious, no data or analyses are presented that in any way support the claim that their samples come from a new primate or human-primate hybrid," Leonid Kruglyak of Princeton University told the Houston Chronicle. "Instead, analyses either come back as 100 percent human, or fail in ways that suggest technical artifacts." The website for the DeNovo Journal of Science was setup [sic] on February 4, and there is no indication that Ketchum's work, the only study it has published, was peer reviewed.[92] ”

Bigfoot organizations

There are several organizations dedicated to the research and investigation of Bigfoot sightings in the United States. The oldest and largest is the Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO).[93] The BFRO also provides a free database to individuals and other organizations. Their website includes reports from across North America that have been investigated by researchers to determine credibility.[94]

In February 2016, the University of New Mexico at Gallup held a two-day Bigfoot conference, at a cost of $7,000 in university funds.[95]

In his pursuit of Bigfoot, David Paulides, author of two self-published books on the subject,[96][97] created the research group "North America Bigfoot Search" for which he serves as director,[98] and which Paulides says was instrumental[99] in the genesis of the Ketchum paper published in 2013 claiming Bigfoot was real.[88]

Bigfoot has had a demonstrable impact as a popular culture phenomenon. It has "become entrenched in American popular culture and it is as viable an icon as Michael Jordan" with more than forty-five years having passed since reported sightings in California, and neither an animal nor "a satisfying explanation as to why folks see giant hairy men that don't exist".[100]

When asked for her opinion of Bigfoot in a September 27, 2002, interview on National Public Radio's "Science Friday", Jane Goodall said "I'm sure they exist", and later said, chuckling, "Well, I'm a romantic, so I always wanted them to exist", and finally, "You know, why isn't there a body? I can't answer that, and maybe they don't exist, but I want them to."[101] In 2012, when asked again by the Huffington Post, Goodall said "I'm fascinated and would actually love them to exist," adding, "Of course, it's strange that there has never been a single authentic hide or hair of the Bigfoot, but I've read all the accounts."[102]

A TV show about Sasquatch titled Finding Bigfoot began airing in 2011 and rose to some popularity on Animal Planet.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Long, Greg (2004). The Making of Bigfoot: The Inside Story. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-139-1.
  2. ↑ Soucy, D.L. (2014). Could Bigfoot be Human?. D.L. Soucy Productions. p. 33.
  3. 1 2 Bright, William (2004). Native American Place names of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  4. ↑ Galloway, Brent D. (2009). Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem, Volume I. University of California Press. p. 558.
  5. ↑ "Sasquatch". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  6. ↑ Daegling 2004, pp. 62–63.
  7. 1 2 3 "Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)]". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  8. 1 2 Earls, Stephanie. "Bigfoot hunting". Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  9. 1 2 Radford, Benjamin (March–April 2002). "Bigfoot at 50 Evaluating a Half-Century of Bigfoot Evidence". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  10. 1 2 "Sasquatch". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  11. ↑ "Sasquatch Smell / Aroma / Odor / Scent". Bigfoot Encounters. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Nickell, Joe (January 2007). "Investigative Files: Mysterious Entities of the Pacific Northwest, Part I". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  13. ↑ Bear signs, San Diego Natural History Museum.
  14. ↑ "Physiology". Bigfoot Field Research Organization. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  15. ↑ Krantz, 143; see also 141–43
  16. 1 2 Daegling 2004, p. 28
  17. 1 2 3 Goodavage, Maria (May 24, 1996). "Hunt for Bigfoot Attracts True Believers". USA TODAY/bz050.
  18. 1 2 Meldrum, Jeff (2007). Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science. Macmillan. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7653-1217-4. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
  19. ↑ Rasmus, Stacy M. (2002). "Repatriating Words: Local Knowledge in a Global Context". American Indian Quarterly. 26 (2): 286–307. JSTOR 4128463. doi:10.1353/aiq.2003.0018.
  20. ↑ Rigsby, Bruce. "Some Pacific Northwest Native Language Names for the Sasquatch Phenomenon". Bigfoot: Fact or Fantasy?. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
  21. ↑ "The Diary of Elkanah Walker". Bigfoot Encounters. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
  22. ↑ The Hairy Giants of British Columbia, told by J.W. Burns, Indian Agent and teacher, Chehalis Indian Reserve, set down by C.V. Tench, published in The Wide World: A Magazine for Men, January 1940, Vol. 84, No. 52
  23. ↑ "Shouldn't Be Captured": Nothing Monstrous About Sasquatch Says Their Pal, Alex McGillivray, Vancouver Sun, May 25, 1957
  24. ↑ "Sasquatch". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
  25. 1 2 "Had Slain His Thousand". Placerville Mountain Democrat (p. 7). 9 Feb 1895. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  26. ↑ "A Terror to Ranchmen. "Bigfoot," the Giant Grizzly, and his Costly Depredations". Goshen Daily Democrat (p. 8). 24 May 1902. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  27. ↑ "BIGFOOT, THE GRIZZLY, DEAD. He is Thought to Have Killed 1,000 Cattle in His Lifetime". Boston Daily Globe (p. 6). 22 October 1902.
  28. ↑ "Geographical Database of Bigfoot/Sasquatch Sightings and Reports". Bigfoot Field Research Organization. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  29. ↑ Cartmill, Matt (January 2008). "Bigfoot Exposed: An Anthropologist Examines America's Enduring Legend/Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 135 (1): 118. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20691.
  30. ↑ Radford, Benjamin (November 6, 2012). "Bigfoot: Man-Monster or Myth?". Live Science. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  31. ↑ "Geographical Database of Bigfoot/Sasquatch Sightings & Reports". Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  32. 1 2 McLeod, Michael (2009). Anatomy of a Beast: Obsession and Myth on the Trail of Bigfoot. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-25571-5.
  33. ↑ Holmes, Bob (6 July 2009). "Bigfoot’s likely haunts ‘revealed’". New Scientist. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  34. ↑ "Jacobs Photos". Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Is this Bigfoot ... or is it a bear with bad skin?". Mail Online. October 30, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  36. ↑ "Hunter's pics revive lively Bigfoot debate". MSNBC. October 29, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Young Sasquatch? ''Earthfiles Podcast 10-31-07''". Earthfiles333.com. October 31, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  38. ↑ Clark, Jerome (1993). Unexplained! 347 Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences and Puzzling Physical Phenomena. Visible Ink. p. 195. ISBN 0-8103-9436-7.
  39. 1 2 "Georgia Bigfoot body in freezer". Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  40. ↑ Boone, Christian; Kathy Jefcoats (August 20, 2008). "Searching for Bigfoot group to sue Georgia hoaxers". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008.
  41. ↑ "Americans 'find body of Bigfoot'". BBC News. August 15, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Body proves Bigfoot no myth, hunters say". CNN. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  43. ↑ Ki Mae Heusser (August 15, 2008). "Legend of Bigfoot: Discovery or Hoax?". ABC News. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  44. ↑ Wollan, Malia (September 16, 2008). "Georgia men claim hairy, frozen corpse is Bigfoot". Fox News. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  45. ↑ Keefe, Bob (August 19, 2008). "Bigfoot's body a hoax, California site reveals". Cox News Service. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  46. ↑ Ki Mae Heusser (August 19, 2008). "A Monster Discovery? It Was Just a Costume". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  47. ↑ Lynch, Rene (August 28, 2012). "Bigfoot hoax ends badly: Montana jokester hit, killed by car". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  48. ↑ Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 36 #6, Nov. 2012, p. 9
  49. ↑ Lee Speigel (January 5, 2014). "Bigfoot Hunter Rick Dyer Claims He Killed The Hairy Beast And Will Take It On Tour". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  50. ↑ Tim Gerber (January 2, 2014). "Bigfoot hunter shares pictures of dead creature". KSAT-TV. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  51. ↑ Rick Dyer. People's Reactions Seeing a Real Bigfoot. YouTube.
  52. ↑ Zoe Mintz (January 29, 2014). "Rick Dyer, Bigfoot Hunter, Shares New Photos Of Alleged 'Monster' Sasquatch". International Business Times. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  53. ↑ Mucha, Peter (January 15, 2014). "Bigfoot Revealed February 9, 2014". Philly.com. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  54. ↑ "Bigfoot On Tour". WGHP. February 8, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  55. ↑ Uhl, Norm (February 5, 2014). "Bigfoot On Tour in Houston". Interactive One. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  56. ↑ "Bigfoot Killed in San Antonio?". Snopes.com. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  57. ↑ Landau, Joel (March 31, 2014). "Bigfoot hunter Rick Dyer admits he lied about killing the beast". Daily News (New York). Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  58. ↑ Bourne, Geoffrey H.; Cohen, Maury (1975). The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 296. ISBN 0-399-11528-5.
  59. ↑ Daegling 2004, p. 14
  60. ↑ Cartmill 2008, p. 117
  61. ↑ Campbell, Bernard G. (1979). Humankind Emerging. Little, Brown and Company. p. 100. ISBN 0-673-52170-2. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 78-78234.
  62. ↑ Coleman, Loren. "Scientific Names for Bigfoot". BFRO. Archived from the original on September 9, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
  63. ↑ "Bigfoot Discovery Project Media". Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  64. ↑ Daegling 2004, p. 16
  65. ↑ Robert B. Stewart (2007). Intelligent design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in dialogue. p. 83. ISBN 9780800662189.
  66. ↑ David J. Daegling (October 30, 2004). Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend. ISBN 9780759105393.
  67. ↑ Sjögren, Bengt (1980). Berömda vidunder (in Swedish). Settern. ISBN 91-7586-023-6.
  68. ↑ "Museum Accepts Cryptic Collection". Science. 286 (5442): 1079c. November 5, 1999. doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1079c.
  69. ↑ Regal, Brian (June 2008). "Amateur versus professional: the search for Bigfoot" (PDF). Endeavour. 32 (2): 53–7. PMID 18514914. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.04.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
  70. ↑ Meldrum, Jeffrey (2006). When Legend Meets Science: A Scientific analysis to the Sasquatch – or Bigfoot – debate. Johnson Books. p. 320. ISBN 0-7653-1216-6.
  71. ↑ "Evaluation of Alleged Sasquatch Footprints and their Inferred Functional Morphology". Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  72. ↑ Napier 1973
  73. ↑ Daegling 2004
  74. ↑ Bailey, Eric (April 19, 2003). "Bigfoot's Big Feat: New Life". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  75. ↑ Napier 1973, p. 197
  76. ↑ Stein, Theo (January 5, 2003). "Bigfoot Believers". The Denver Post.
  77. ↑ Markotic, Vladimir; Krantz, Grover (1984). The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Primates. Western Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 0-919119-10-7.
  78. ↑ Napier, John. Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality. 1973, ISBN 0-525-06658-6
  79. ↑ Napier, 197
  80. ↑ Napier, 205
  81. ↑ Bourne, Geoffrey H, The Gentle Giants: The Gorilla Story 1975, ISBN 0-399-11528-5, p. 295
  82. ↑ Buhs, Joshua Blu (August 1, 2009). Bigfoot: The Life and Times of a Legend. University of Chicago Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-226-50215-1. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  83. ↑ Lozier, J. D.; Aniello, P.; Hickerson, M. J. (September 2009). "Predicting the distribution of Sasquatch in western North America: anything goes with ecological niche modelling". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (9): 1623–1627. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.x.
  84. ↑ Sykes, B; Mullis, R; Hagenmuller, C; Melton, T; Sartori, M (2 July 2014). "Genetic analysis of hair samples attributed to yeti, bigfoot and other anomalous primates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The Royal Society. 281 (1789): 20140161. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0161.
  85. ↑ Steven McKenzie (December 17, 2014). "Scientists challenge 'Abominable Snowman DNA' results". BBC News. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  86. ↑ Laura Geggel (March 16, 2015). "Yeti Debate Swirls: Study Reveals Origin of Mysterious Hairs". Live Science. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  87. ↑ Speigel, Lee (February 14, 2013). "Bigfoot DNA Tests: Science Journal's Credibility Called Into Question". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  88. 1 2 3 Nicholson, Eric (February 15, 2013). "A Texas Geneticist Apparently Invented a Science Journal to Publish Her DNA Proof of Bigfoot". Dallas Observer. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  89. ↑ Ketchum, M. S.; Wojtkiewicz, P. W.; Watts, A. B.; Spence, D. W.; Holzenburg, A. K.; Toler, D. G.; Prychitko, T. M.; Zhang, F.; Bollinger, S.; Shoulders, R.; Smith, R. (2013). "Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes and Associated Studies". DeNovo Journal of Science. 1 (1). ISSN 2326-2869(subscription required)
  90. ↑ Radford, Benjamin (February 14, 2013). "'Bigfoot DNA' Study Seeks Yeti Rights". Discovery.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  91. ↑ Hill, Sharon. "The Ketchum Project: What to Believe about Bigfoot DNA 'Science' (Spring 2013)". CSICOP.org. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  92. ↑ Cossins, Dan (February 15, 2013). "Bigfoot DNA is Bunk". The Scientist. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  93. ↑ "BFRO Animal Planet". Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  94. ↑ Coleman, Loren (2003). Bigfoot!:The True Story of Apes in America. Simon and Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 1439187789.
  95. ↑ Fernanda Zamudio-Suaréz, "U. of New Mexico at Gallup Spent $7,000 on Bigfoot Conference" Chronicle of Higher Education" Nov.3, 2016
  96. ↑ Paulides, David. "Tribal Bigfoot". Barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  97. ↑ Paulides, David. "Hoopa Project: Bigfoot Encounters in California". Barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  98. ↑ Johnston, Scott D. "‘Sasquatch Summit’ brings Bigfoot believers to the beach". Thedailyworld.com. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  99. ↑ Paulides, David. "Blog #188". NAbigfootsearch.com. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  100. ↑ Daegling 2004, p. 4.
  101. ↑ Flatow, Ira (September 27, 2002). "Transcript of Dr. Jane Goodall's Comments on NPR Regarding Sasquatch". Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2016 – via National Public Radio's Science Friday.
  102. ↑ Moye, David (October 1, 2012). "Jane Goodall 'Fascinated' By Bigfoot (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bigfoot.
Wikinews has related news: Reported Bigfoot sighting in Clarence, New York a hoax
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.