Varg Vikernes

Varg Vikernes

Bearded man in his mid-thirties wearing a camouflage hat

Vikernes during his last year in prison, 2009
Born Kristian Larsson Vikernes
(1973-02-11) 11 February 1973
Bergen, Norway
Residence France
Other names Greven; The Count;
Count Grishnackh;
Greifi Grishnackh;
Louis Cachet[1]
Occupation
  • Musician
  • writer
Years active 1988[2]–present
Known for Early Norwegian black metal scene
Criminal charge
  • Murder, arson, theft (1993)
  • Inciting racial hatred (2014)
Criminal penalty
  • 21 years in prison (1993)
  • six months of probation and a €8,000 fine (2014)
Spouse(s) Marie Cachet (m. 2007)[3]
Children 6
Website thuleanperspective.com
Musical career
Genres Black metal, ambient
Instruments Guitar, bass, drums, synthesizer, vocals
Associated acts Burzum, Mayhem, Old Funeral, Darkthrone
Writing career
Period 1997–present
Subjects Germanic paganism, role-playing games

Varg Vikernes (Norwegian: [ˈvɑrɡ ˈviːkəɳeːs]; born Kristian Larsson Vikernes, 11 February 1973; legally Louis Cachet) is a Norwegian musician and writer. In 1991, he founded the one-man music project Burzum, which is considered one of the most influential black metal acts.[4][5][6] Three years later, he was convicted of murder and arson, and subsequently served over 14 years in prison.

A native of Bergen, Vikernes spent part of his childhood in Iraq. Interested in music from a young age, he began playing guitar at the age of 14 and became part of the early Norwegian black metal scene in 1991 when he founded Burzum. In 1992, he was allegedly involved in burning down at least three Christian churches in Norway, along with other members of the scene. By early 1993, he had recorded four albums as Burzum and another with fellow black metal band Mayhem.

In August 1993, he was arrested and charged with the murder of Mayhem guitarist Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth. In May 1994, he was found guilty of murder and the earlier church arsons, and sentenced to 21 years in prison. He maintains that he killed in self-defense and denies responsibility for the church arsons, though he supported them. During his time in prison, Vikernes became affiliated with the Norwegian Heathen Front, had several writings on Germanic paganism published and recorded and released two ambient albums as Burzum.[7] Having served over 14 years of his sentence, Vikernes was released on parole in early 2009.[8][9]

After his release from prison, Vikernes settled with his wife and children in France, where he continued releasing music and writing. He began his blog and YouTube channel, entitled Thulean Perspective, in 2013. Through his writings and videos he promotes an ideology which he calls "Ôðalism", based on a Blood and Soil-derived form of nationalism and the re-adoption of native European values and belief systems, such as elements of traditional paganism.[10] He also advocates environmentalism and survivalism.[11][12]

Biography

Vikernes does not have a published biography (authorised or unauthorised), but information can be gathered from interviews he has given and from statements he has made on burzum.org, at thuleanperspective.com and at his YouTube channel entitled Thulean Perspective. Michael Moynihan, one of the authors of Lords of Chaos—where much of the information about Vikernes is found, has been described as "quite active in the propaganda support network for Vikernes".[13]

Background and childhood

In the interviews printed in Lords of Chaos, Vikernes discusses his background and childhood. Lords of Chaos also includes an interview with his mother, Helene Bore (the book and a newspaper depicted there refer to her with the given name 'Lene',[14][15] whereas Vikernes' own website uses the name 'Helene'[16]). In a 2004 interview, Vikernes mentions that his mother "is working in a large oil company".[17] He also states that his father is an "electronics engineer,"[17] whereas his brother, who (according to the Lords of Chaos interview) is one and a half years older,[18] is a "graduate civil engineer".[17]

In the Lords of Chaos interview, Vikernes recalls that when he was 6 years old, the family moved for about a year to Baghdad, Iraq, because Vikernes' "father was working for Saddam Hussein", developing a computer program.[19] Since there were no places available in the English school in Baghdad, the young Vikernes went to an Iraqi elementary school during this time. According to his interview, Vikernes here became "aware of racial matters".[18] Corporal punishment was not uncommon in the school, and on one occasion Vikernes had a "quarrel" with a teacher and called him "a monkey". But as Vikernes perceived it the teachers "didn't dare to hit me because I was white".[18] Vikernes' mother also recalls how they "spent a year in Iraq", and that "the other children in his class would get slapped by their teachers; he would not".[20] She mentions that this created problems, but generally she "has no good explanation" of how Varg developed his views.[21]

When asked about his father, Vikernes states that he "had a swastika flag at home."[19] However, Vikernes feels that his father was a hypocrite, because he was worried about Vikernes "being a Nazi", whereas he too was "pissed about all the colored people he saw in town".[19] About his mother, Vikernes states that she was "very race conscious", in the sense that she was afraid that Vikernes "was going to come home with a black girl!"[22] At the time of the 1995 Lords of Chaos interview, Vikernes still had a positive relationship with his mother, but "very little contact" with his father.[19] He also stated that his parents are divorced; Vikernes' father is said to have "left about 10 years ago", which would have been 1985, when Vikernes was 11 or 12.[19]

There are claims that Vikernes was involved with a skinhead scene in Bergen before he became a part of the black metal scene: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke describes Burzum as the "musical vehicle" of the "ex-skinhead" Vikernes,[7] while Jeffrey Kaplan states "Vikernes first became involved with the extreme right as a National Socialist skinhead while he was an adolescent."[23] When asked in the Lords of Chaos interview whether he hung out with skinheads in Bergen, Vikernes boldly replied: "There were no skinheads in Bergen."[24] He mentions, though, that he had short hair at that time, admired the Germans and hated the British and Americans.[24]

A fan of classical music as a child, Tchaikovsky in particular, Vikernes started listening to heavy metal at 12, citing Iron Maiden as his biggest inspiration.[25] Later he discovered other metal bands whose sound would be influential on his own band such as Kreator, Celtic Frost, Bathory, Destruction, Megadeth, Slayer, Pestilence, Deicide and Von.[25][26] Although Venom are widely considered the primary influence on black metal, Vikernes has always denied to be influenced by them, as well as defining the band as "a joke". He once wore a t-shirt of Venom's Black Metal to promote the genre but stated he later regretted doing that.[27]

From an early age, Vikernes was also fascinated with the fictional realm of Middle-earth created by J. R. R. Tolkien. His stage name Grishnackh is taken from that of an orc in The Two Towers, while the band name Burzum, meaning darkness, was taken from the Black Speech inscribed on the One Ring in The Lord of the Rings. The inscription read "Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul" or in English "One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them." Additionally, before joining Old Funeral, he was in a band called Uruk-Hai, also a reference from Tolkien's text.[2]

Early musical career

Vikernes started playing guitar at the age of 14.[24] When he was 17, Vikernes came into contact with the members of the Bergen death metal band Old Funeral. He played guitar with them during 1990–1991 and performed on their Devoured Carcass EP before he began his solo musical project named Burzum, and quickly became involved with the early Norwegian black metal scene. During 1992–1993, he recorded four albums as Burzum.

Vikernes has stated that for the recording of these early albums he used an old Westone guitar, which he had bought in 1987 from an acquaintance.[28] He used the cheapest bass guitar there was in his local shop and borrowed drumsets from Old Funeral, Immortal and "another musician living nearby".[28] On Hvis lyset tar oss, he also borrowed Hellhammer's drumset, the same one Hellhammer used to record De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas by Mayhem.[29] He used a Peavey amplifier, but for the recording of Filosofem he used the amplifier on his brother's stereo and some old fuzz pedals.[28] For vocals, he would use whatever microphone the sound tech handed him, but during the recording of Filosofem he intentionally used the worst mic they had, a headset mic.[28] On the track "Dungeons of Darkness" he used the large gong at Grieghallen for background noise (Euronymous assisted him by beating his fists on it).[28]

In 1992, Vikernes joined the black metal band Mayhem, a year after band member Dead committed suicide on 8 April 1991.

Arson of churches

On 6 June 1992, the Fantoft Stave Church, dating from the 12th century and considered architecturally significant, was burned to the ground by arson. By January 1993, arson attacks had occurred on at least seven other major stave churches, including one on Christmas Eve of 1992.[7] Vikernes was found guilty of several of these cases: the arson and attempted arson of Åsane Church and Storetveit Church, respectively, in Bergen, the arson of Skjold Church in Vindafjord, and the arson of Holmenkollen Chapel in Oslo. He was also charged with the arson of Fantoft Stave Church, although the jurors found him not guilty. The judges called this an error but did not overthrow the whole case.[30]

The charred ruins of the Fantoft stave church as seen on Burzum's 1992 EP, Aske.

At the time, claims were made by media outlets that Vikernes was associated with theistic Satanism.[31] However, in an interview with Michael Moynihan, Vikernes made a statement about the church burnings that hints at a heathen rather than a Satanist motivation:

I am not going to say that I burnt any churches. But let me put it this way: There was one person who started it. I was not found guilty of burning the Fantoft stave church, but anyway, that was what triggered the whole thing. That was the 6th of June and everyone linked it to Satanism ... What everyone overlooked was that on the 6th June, 793, in Lindesfarne in Britain was the site of the first known Viking raid in history, with Vikings from Hordaland, which is my county ... They [the Christians] desecrated our graves, our burial mounds, so it's revenge.[32]

Echoing this sentiment, he writes in Vargsmål: "For each devastated graveyard, one heathen grave is avenged, for each ten churches burnt to ashes, one heathen hof is avenged, for each ten priests or freemasons assassinated, one heathen is avenged."[33]

When asked whether the church burnings were linked to Odinism or Germanic neopaganism he replied: "The point is that all these churches [i.e. church burnings] are linked to one person ... who was not Øystein obviously. All the church burnings, with the exception of Stavanger, because that was another group—who, by the way, have also turned into nationalistic pagans."[34]

Bergens Tidende article

In January 1993, an article in one of Norway's biggest newspapers, Bergens Tidende (BT), brought the black metal scene into the media spotlight.[35] Two friends of Vikernes interviewed him and brought the interview to the newspaper, hoping they would print it.[35] In the anonymous interview, 'Count Grishnackh' (Vikernes) claimed to have burnt the churches and killed a man in Lillehammer.[35] BT journalist Finn Bjørn Tønder set up a meeting with 'Count Grishnackh', with help from the friends. The journalists were summoned to an apartment and reportedly warned that they would be shot if the police were called.[35] There, Vikernes and his companions told the journalists that they had burnt the churches, or knew who had done it, and said that the attacks would continue. They claimed to be Devil worshippers and said: "Our intention is to spread fear and devilry [...] that is why we are telling this to Bergens Tidende." They gave the journalists details about the arsons that hadn't been released to the press and so BT spoke with the police before publishing it, who confirmed these details.[35]

The article was published on 20 January as the front page of the BT. It was headlined "We Lit The Fires" and included a photo of Vikernes, his face mostly hidden, holding two large knives. However, by the time the article was printed, Vikernes had already been arrested. The police allegedly found him by going to an address printed on a Burzum flyer,[35] although Vikernes believes that Tønder "snitched" on him.[36]

According to Vikernes, the anonymous interview was planned by himself and Euronymous. The goal, he says, was to scare people, promote black metal and get more customers for Helvete.[37] At the time, Burzum was about to release the Aske mini-album.[35] Vikernes said of the interview: "I exaggerated a lot and when the journalist left we [...] had a good laugh, because he didn't seem to understand that I was pulling his leg".[30] He added that the interview revealed nothing that could prove his involvement in any crime.[35] Vikernes claims that, after he was arrested, "the journalist edited the interview and [...] published an insane version of it the following day, without even letting me read through it."[36] Some of the other scene members were also arrested and questioned, but all were released for lack of evidence.[35] Jørn Inge Tunsberg of Hades said that the interview had "grave consequences" for the rest of the scene and that they did not know he was going to talk to the press, as "he had said nothing". He added that they became "bloody angry" and he, Tunsberg, was "pissed off".[38]

Norwegian magazine Rock Furore published an interview with Vikernes in February 1993. In it, he said of the prison system: "It's much too nice here. It's not hell at all. In this country prisoners get a bed, toilet and shower. It's completely ridiculous. I asked the police to throw me in a real dungeon, and also encouraged them to use violence".[39] He was released in March for lack of evidence.[35]

Murder of Øystein Aarseth

In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes, and between Euronymous and the Norwegian black metal scene.[40] After the Bergens Tidende episode, Euronymous decided to shut Helvete as it began to draw the attention of the police and media.[41]

On the night of 10 August 1993, Vikernes and Snorre "Blackthorn" Ruch drove from Bergen to Euronymous' apartment at Tøyengata (English: Tøyen Street) in Oslo.[42] Upon their arrival a confrontation began and Vikernes fatally stabbed Euronymous. His body was found on the stairs outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds – two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back.[43] At first, many blamed Swedish black metalers for the murder.[40]

It has been speculated that the murder was the result of a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records, or an attempt at "outdoing" the stabbing in Lillehammer.[44] Vikernes denies all of these rumours, stating that he killed Euronymous in self-defense: he says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon, tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping the event. Vikernes explains: "If he was talking about it to everybody and anybody I wouldn't have taken it seriously. But he just told a select group of friends, and one of them told me."[45] He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him.[30][45] Blackthorn stood outside smoking while Vikernes climbed the stairs to Euronymous' apartment on the fourth floor.[30] Vikernes said he met Euronymous at the door and handed him the contract, but when he stepped forward and confronted Euronymous, Euronymous "panicked" and kicked him in the chest.[30] The two got into a struggle and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. Vikernes contends that most of Euronymous' cut wounds were caused by broken glass he had fallen on during the struggle.[30] After the slaying, Vikernes and Blackthorn drove back to Bergen. On the way, they stopped at a lake where Vikernes disposed of his bloodstained clothes.[30] The self-defense story is doubted by Emperor drummer Faust.[46]

According to Vikernes, Blackthorn only came along to show Euronymous some new guitar riffs and was "in the wrong place at the wrong time".[30] Blackthorn claims that, in the summer of 1993, he was almost committed to a mental hospital but fled to Bergen and stayed with Vikernes. He said Vikernes planned to murder Euronymous and pressured him into coming along. Blackthorn said of the murder, "I was neither for nor against it. I didn't give a shit about Øystein".[47] Vikernes called Blackthorn's claims a "defense [...] to make sure I couldn't blame him [for the murder]".[30]

Blitz House (pictured) was a communist hovel which Vikernes allegedly planned to blow up in 1993.

Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993 in Bergen.[41] The police found 150 kg of explosives and 3,000 rounds of ammunition in his home.[48] According to Jeffrey Kaplan in his book Encyclopedia of White Power, Vikernes "intended to blow up Blitz House, the radical leftist and anarchist enclave in Oslo",[23] a plan which "was reportedly on the verge of execution."[23] In an article originally published in 1999, Kevin Coogan also mentioned Vikernes' alleged intent to "destroy an Oslo-based punk anti-fascist squat called Blitz House,"[13] and stated "Vikernes may have felt that he had no choice but to kill Euronymous before bombing Blitz House because 'the Communist' would almost certainly have opposed such an act."[13] Vikernes denied these claims in a 2009 interview, stating "I was getting [the explosives and ammunition] in order to defend Norway if we were attacked any time. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union could have decided to attack us. We have no reason to trust neither the government, the royal family or the military because of what happened last time we were attacked. We are left to ourselves."[48]

Trial

Vikernes' trial began on 2 May 1994; he was represented by the lawyer Stein-Erik Mattsson.[49] Many other members of the scene, including Blackthorn and Faust, were put on trial around the same time. Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others. According to Lords of Chaos, "Vikernes is disgusted by the fact that, while he held fast to a code of silence, others confessed."[50]

During the trial the media made Vikernes "the nation's first real bogeyman in fifty years".[51] At the trial it was claimed that he, Blackthorn and another friend had planned the murder. The court alleged that this third person stayed at the apartment in Bergen as an alibi; to make it look like they never left Bergen, he was to rent films, play them in the apartment, and withdraw money from Vikernes' credit card.[52]

On 16 May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison (Norway's maximum penalty) for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of three churches, the attempted arson of a fourth church, and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives.[37] Though Vikernes only confessed to the theft and storage of the explosives, two churches were set on fire the day he was sentenced, "presumably as a statement of symbolic support".[50] Blackthorn, who hadn't taken part in the murder as he had having gone down the condominium's stairs to smoke, was sentenced to 8 years in prison for being an accomplice.[50]

May 1994 also saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, which has Euronymous on electric guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar.[53] Before the release, Euronymous' family had asked Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, to remove the bass tracks recorded by Vikernes. Hellhammer said "I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record. I put word out that I was re-recording the bass parts, but I never did."[53]

Imprisonment

Vikernes served his sentence at the prisons in Bergen, Tønsberg, Ringerike, Trondheim and Tromsø.

Vargsmål, written by Vikernes in 1994

In late 1994, Vikernes wrote a Norwegian-language book called Vargsmål ("Varg's Speech"[54]). Vikernes has said he wrote Vargsmål to defend himself against "all the media lies" and that the book is marked by his isolation and anger at the time. According to Lords of Chaos, Vargsmål became available on the internet for some time in 1996, but not in a printed form.[55] In 1997, a Norwegian publisher released a paperback edition of the book; its publication was financed by Vikernes' mother, Helene Bore.[56] However, Vikernes stated that "the prison authorities confiscated the manuscript, and for several years I wasn't allowed to even proof-read it. It was an unfinished manuscript, consisting of many separate articles, and ideally I would have been able to make some changes before it was published, but I wasn't. Eventually I gave up and just published it as it was – with all the errors and not-so-balanced articles."[57]

On 8 April 1997, Norwegian police arrested five neo-Nazis in Hemnes. According to police, the young men were part of a self-styled "Einsatzgruppe" and were plotting attacks on political and religious figures in Norway. They also had plans to break Vikernes out of prison.[58] The group "had all the trappings of a paramilitary unit", including guns, explosives, bulletproof vests, steel helmets and balaclavas.[58] One of its members, Tom Eiternes, had befriended Vikernes in prison before escaping while on leave.[58] Vikernes' mother, Lene Bore, was arrested for supplying the group with 100,000 kroner. She confessed, but claimed she did not know they were "right-wing extremists" and said her son was being attacked by fellow inmates. In late 1996 his jaw had reportedly been broken in a fight with another inmate. However, the prison director said her claims were unfounded, and police suspected that the money came from Vikernes himself.[58] Lords of Chaos says that Vikernes adopted a "skinhead" look and wore a belt buckle with SS insignia around this time.[58] Despite her confession, Bore was not convicted,[58] and in 1998 the case against the "Einsatzgruppe" was dropped.[59]

During his time in prison, Vikernes recorded two albums made up wholly of ambient and neofolk music. The first, Dauði Baldrs, was recorded in 1994–1995 and released in October 1997. The second, Hliðskjálf, was recorded in 1998 and released in April 1999.[60] Vikernes was denied access to an electric guitar, bass guitar or drums, and instead used a synthesizer. In 2000, Vikernes ended his musical project. He believed that his philosophy was constantly misinterpreted by an ignorant fan base that was too closely related to black metal and Satanism.[61] Later, through his website, he indicated that he hoped to continue Burzum after his release from prison, stating: "I will publish a few books, possibly using a pseudonym in order to stay anonymous, and perhaps a Burzum album or two, but that's it".[62]

Between 1998 and 2004, Vikernes would write a further five books in prison.[57] In 1998 he wrote a Norwegian-language book called Germansk Mytologi og Verdensanskuelse ("Teutonic Mythology and Worldview"). Apart from Vargsmål, this is the only other book that was published. In 2004 he translated it into English, added new material, and renamed it The Mysteries and Mythology of Ancient Scandinavia. In 1999 he wrote EihwaR, a "philosophical/political/historical novel in form of a dialogue between a student and an oppositional". This too he translated into English and renamed The Religion of the Blood. That year he also wrote a Norwegian and English translation and interpretation of Völuspá. In 2000–2001 he wrote Teorier ("Theories"). It offered some theories on the origin of different customs and beliefs, and contained several short stories about the prehistoric era. However, he decided to scrap this book. In 2003–2004 he wrote a "gothic-fantasy novel" called The Cult of Hel.[57] By late 2003 he had begun writing articles for Burzum.org, which became the official Burzum website.[63]

In August 2003, Vikernes was transferred from a maximum-security prison in Bergen to the low-security prison in Tønsberg.[64] On 15 October, the local paper, Tønsbergs Blad, published an article that criticised Vikernes.[65] On 26 October, Vikernes went on the run after being granted a short leave. He stopped a car in Numedal. Inside it was a family of three, who said that he hijacked the car at gunpoint. About 19 hours later, police stopped the car in Romerike and arrested him.[65] The car contained knives, a gas mask, camouflage clothing, a portable GPS navigator, maps, a compass, a laptop and a mobile phone.[64] Police also found a handgun and an AG3 automatic rifle in a cabin in Rollag, where Vikernes had hidden during his escape.[66] They concluded that his escape "was well planned and involved assistance from several people on the outside".[64] Before the escape, Vikernes gave his mother a letter. In it, he wrote that he had received death threats and another inmate had tried to strangle him shortly after the newspaper article was published.[65] For his actions, thirteen months were added to Vikernes' sentence and he was moved to a prison in Ringerike. In July 2004 he was moved to a maximum-security prison in Trondheim. The last three years of his sentence were spent in Tromsø Prison.

When Vikernes was convicted, it was possible to be released on parole after serving 12 years of a 21-year sentence, but in 2002, before he became eligible, the Norwegian Parliament had extended this to 14 years. In June 2006, after serving 12 years, Vikernes was denied parole by the Department of Criminal Justice for this reason.[67] His lawyer, John Christian Elden, has complained that the policy change is a form of retroactive legislation. Article 97 of the Norwegian constitution forbids any law being given retroactive force. Vikernes was denied parole again in June 2008, although he was allowed to leave Tromsø Prison for short periods to visit his family. His full sentence would run for another seven years.[67][68][69] In March 2009, however, his parole was announced. He had then served 15 years of his 21-year sentence.[70] On 22 May 2009, he confirmed that he had been released from prison on probation.[71]

Life after prison

In his last years in prison, Vikernes revealed that he had a daughter, who was born in 1992. He also has a son, who was born in 2007 to his wife Marie Cachet.[72] In a 2008 interview, he said he and his wife were expecting a second child (Vikernes' third).[67] After his release, he and his family settled on a small farm in Bø, Telemark. They later moved to Limousin in France.[73] As of 2017, he has 6 children and has stated he plans to have more.[74]

Vikernes continued with Burzum after his release. He released a further three black metal albums: Belus (2010), Fallen (2011) and Umskiptar (2012) and a compilation of re-recorded songs (From the Depths of Darkness). On 27 April 2013, Vikernes posted a song on his official YouTube channel, titled "Back to the Shadows", which Vikernes has stated to be the last metal track to be released by Burzum.[75][76] In May 2013 he released another ambient album, Sôl austan, Mâni vestan.

Vikernes also continued writing, both on his Burzum website and on his personal blog Thulean Perspective, which was set up in January 2013. The website Ancestral Cult was created by him and his wife. Also in 2013, they released a film called ForeBears, based on ancient Germanic pagan rituals.[77]

On 16 July 2013 Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism after his wife bought four rifles.[78][79][80][81] Officials later stated that Vikernes' wife had a legal firearms permit to buy the rifles.[81] The two were later released without charge after police failed to identify any terrorist plans or targets.[82][83] Vikernes was instead charged by French authorities with inciting racial hatred against Jews and Muslims.[84] On 8 July 2014, Vikernes was convicted of inciting racial hatred and sentenced to six months of probation and a fine of €8,000.[85]

In 2015, Vikernes released his own tabletop role-playing game named "MYFAROG" (Mythical Fantasy Role-playing Game), which is based upon "European values, geography, (pre-)history, mythology, traditions and morals" and offers the player the "opportunity to play a game in accordance with your own European nature."[77][86]

Personal beliefs

Ôðalism

Ôðalism is in the strictest sense an ideology based on blood (of the native population) and soil (the homeland of the native population); protecting, promoting and if necessary reviving the customs, traditions, world view, values and religion that naturally came from each particular population in their homeland.

–Varg Vikernes, 2013[87]

According to Goodrick-Clarke, "while in jail, Vikernes began to formulate his heathen ideology using material from Norse mythology combined with occult National Socialism".[7] Goodrick-Clarke bases this account of Vikernes' beliefs on some articles that Vikernes had written for the short-lived magazine Filosofem. Goodrick-Clarke also uses the book Lords of Chaos, and a manifesto called Vargsmål ("Varg's Speech"[54]), which Vikernes began to write after his imprisonment. Vikernes has denounced the English translation of his book in an article on his website. He has also stated on the website that "Vargsmål was written in anger, while I was young and in isolation, and the book is marked by this".[54]

In the late 1990s, "to avoid confusion" and "to find a term more suitable and accurate", Vikernes coined the name "Ôðalism" for his beliefs, based on the Odal rune. He explains that Ôðalism encompasses "Paganism, traditional nationalism, racialism and environmentalism". Vikernes contrasts it with "modern 'civilization'" which he equates with "capitalism, materialism, Judeo-Christianity, pollution, urbanization, race-mixing, Americanization, socialism, globalization, et cetera". He places importance on the fact that Ôðalism "is not a term tainted by history". The word comes "From Norse óðal (homeland, allodium, allodial law, nobility, noble, inherited goods, fatherland, land property, distinguished family, distinguished, splendid, kin and the nation)".[88]

Politics and religion

In Metal: A Headbanger's Journey, director Sam Dunn described Vikernes as "the most notorious metal musician of all time" due to his crimes as well as his political and religious views.[89] Following his 1994 conviction[13] and until the late 1990s,[88] Vikernes labelled himself as a follower of Nazism.[13] In 2008, religious studies scholar Egil Asprem characterised Vikernes as "an idol for skinheads with an inclination towards Paganism and for contemporary Pagans with an inclination towards National Socialism".[90] In 2000, Jewish author Jeffrey Kaplan described Vikernes as "busy promoting his Odinist and National Socialist philosophy from behind bars".[23]

In a July 2005 statement on his website, Vikernes explained that although he "occasionally used the term 'nazism' to describe [his] ideological foundation", he no longer describes himself as such: "The reason I have been drawn to and occasionally have expressed support for 'nazism' is mainly because many of the Norwegian (and German) 'nazis' embraced our Pagan religion as our blood-religion and they rejected Judeo-Christianity as Jewish heresy".[88] He identifies three things which distinguish him from the "Nazis": "unlike them I am not socialistic (not even on a national level), I am not materialistic and I believe in (the ancient Scandinavian!) democracy".[88] He expressed a desire to not be associated with anti-Slavic sentiments.[88] He also states that though he is a racist in the sense that he acknowledges physical and mental differences between the races, he hates no one and in general states that "hatred is irrational".[48]

Christianity was created by some decadent and degenerated Romans as a tool of oppression, and it should be treated accordingly. It is like handcuffs to the mind and spirit ... In fact I don't really see Christianity as a religion. It is more like a spiritual plague ... It's like Islam and the other Asian "religions", a HIV/AIDS of the spirit and mind.

–Varg Vikernes, 2005[91]

In a 2010 interview with Vampiria magazine, Vikernes was asked about Odinism playing a major role in his life, to which he responded: "I am not religious in any way, but I have a Pagan ideology and Pagan values. I believe in blood, soil and honour; family, homeland and hamingja; strength, traditions and courage. And I believe in a Europe waking up."[92] As of 2011, Vikernes embraces a "modern scientific worldview resting on a foundation made up of the Pagan values and ideals: loyalty, wisdom, courage, love, discipline, honesty, intelligence, beauty, responsibility, health and strength".[93] He draws a direct connection between both race and intelligence and intelligence and religion, denouncing theism as "mental enslavement" fit only for "inferior races".[93] Vikernes goes on to say "If it is supposed to serve a purpose Paganism needs to be an ideology, not a religion".[93] Though Vikernes states that mainstream theists hold onto "Stone Age misconceptions", he argues that religious myths should be turned to in areas where science has not yet achieved a complete understanding of the natural world — such as the origin of life and where we go after death, if anywhere at all.[93]

In addition to Vargsmål, works by Vikernes on his personal religious world view include Irminsûl and Germansk Mytologi og Verdensanskuelse (Germanic Mythology and Worldview).[94] In 2011, Vikernes published his first book in English, entitled Sorcery and Religion in Ancient Scandinavia, about the religious practices of Scandinavian peoples, particularly during the Stone Age and Bronze Age.[95] Rejecting most contemporary academic theories, he takes inspiration from Sir James Frazer's work The Golden Bough in interpreting the myths as representing aspects of yearly rituals related to death, burial and ruling.[96][97]

Vikernes is also an avid hunter.

Heathen Front

In a 2009 interview with Vikernes, the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet claimed that he was associated with neo-Nazi groups during his time in prison. He replied: "I have never formed or been a member of such organisations. The only organization I am a member of is Riksmålsforbundet" (The Society for the Preservation of Traditional Standard Norwegian).[48]

According to Swedish scholar Matthias Gardell in his book Gods of the Blood, Vikernes became a central figure in the neo-völkisch Heathen Front during his time in prison.[98] The Heathen Front started as a group in Norway, Norsk Hedensk Front (Norwegian Heathen Front) or NHF, and grew into the international Allgermanische Heidnische Front (Pan-Germanic Heathen Front) or AHF. Vikernes was considered to be the leader of the Norwegian Heathen Front according to Xavier Cattarinich,[99] and Goodrick-Clarke mentions that Vikernes underlined "his role as chieftain of his Norwegian Heathen Front" with the writing of Vargsmål.[100]

When he was asked about his involvement in the AHF in a 2004 interview, Vikernes stated that it was Antifa groups who "repeatedly wrote" that the NHF was a neo-Nazi group and that he was their leader, claims which he describes as "persecution".[17] He also said that "the [Norwegian] secret police claimed adamantly" that he was the leader of the Heathen Front.[17] Vikernes then continued by stating that, as a result of these claims, he left the Heathen Front, to see what "the Antifa/Monitor morons and the secret police would do". In practice, Vikernes stated, he never was a member of the group, since, being in prison, he could not participate in their activities and he had never "met half of them".[17] He also stated that if he wanted to write articles for their magazine, he could do that regardless of whether he was a member or not.[17]

Alleged influence on other church arsons

Vikernes' actions allegedly inspired the burning of Porvoo Cathedral in Finland.

Works

Discography

As Burzum

Other appearances

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "Vikernes skylder fortsatt millioner for nedbrente kirker i Norge" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  2. 1 2 "Varg Vikernes – A Burzum Story: Part I – The Origin And Meaning". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  3. ↑ "Biografia". Filosofem.altervista.org. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  4. ↑ Patterson, Dayel (July 20, 2016). "20 of the best black metal albums from the 1990s". Team Rock.
  5. ↑ Hopper, Jessica (August 29, 2013). "The Complicated Appeal Of Black Metal". Buzzfeed.
  6. ↑ Sigel, Zack (August 7, 2015). "Are Music Streaming Services Doing More Harm Than Good To The Metal Community?". VH1.com.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Goodrick-Clarke 2003: 204
  8. ↑ "Varg Vikernes ute på prøve". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. NTB. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  9. ↑ "Ute av fengsel". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  10. ↑ Vikernes, Varg (31 July 2013). "Why Ôðalism?". Thulean Perspective. Retrieved 19 December 2016. Ôðalism is in the strictest sense an ideology based on blood (of the native population) and soil (the homeland of the native population); protecting, promoting and if necessary reviving the customs, traditions, world view, values and religion that naturally came from each particular population in their homeland.
  11. ↑ "Burzum & Varg Vikernes" (Interview). MetalKings.com. March 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  12. ↑ "Lord of Lies: Part XIII - On how Negroes became Fair-Skinned, Blue-Eyed and Blond in Europe". Burzum.org. 29 December 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Coogan 1999
  14. ↑ Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos, First Edition, Feral House 1998, p. 142.
  15. ↑ Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos, First Edition, Feral House 1998, p. 316.
  16. ↑ Varg Vikernes in Childhood, accessed on 28 March 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 http://www.burzum.org: 12 August 2004 interview
  18. 1 2 3 LoC 1998: 148
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 LoC 1998: 147
  20. ↑ LoC 1998: 142
  21. ↑ LoC 1998: 144
  22. ↑ LoC 1998: 146
  23. 1 2 3 4 Kaplan 2000: 319.
  24. 1 2 3 LoC 1998: 149
  25. 1 2 "Burzum: Heart of Darkness "Guitar World" Magazine (April 2010) by Brad Angle". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  26. ↑ ""You can add Rotting Christ to the list" – Burzum’s Varg Vikernes shares his metal faves with Metal as Fuck!". metalasfuck.net. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  27. ↑ "Varg Vikernes Of Burzum Talks New Album "Fallen"". Noisecreep.com. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Burzum Story: Part VI – The Music". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  29. ↑ Teufel. "Interview with Hellhammer". Teufels Tomb. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Varg Vikernes – A Burzum Story: Part II – Euronymous". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  31. ↑ See 1995 Morgenbladet article "Satanism in Norway", English translation Michael Moynihan, Lords of Chaos, pp. 344–45.
  32. ↑ Michael Moynihan, Lords of Chaos, p. 88; quoted in: M. Gardell, Gods of the Blood, p.306;
  33. ↑ quoted after M. Gardell, Gods of the Blood, pp. 306, 307. Translation by M. Gardell
  34. ↑ Lords of Chaos, p. 89
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lords of Chaos (2003), pp. 95–97.
  36. 1 2 Varg Vikernes' review of Satan Rides the Media. Burzum.org
  37. 1 2 "Count" Regrets Nothing. Burzum.org
  38. ↑ Torstein Grude: Satan rir media, 1998.
  39. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 42.
  40. 1 2 Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 117.
  41. 1 2 Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 120.
  42. ↑ Stefan Rydehed (director) (2008). Pure Fucking Mayhem (motion picture). Index Verlag.
  43. ↑ Steinke, Darcey. "Satan's Cheerleaders". SPIN. February 1996.
  44. ↑ Mayhem Biography on Yahoo! Music
  45. 1 2 Aaron Aites (director, producer), Audrey Ewell (director, producer) (2009). Until the Light Takes Us (motion picture). Variance Films.
  46. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 123.
  47. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 130.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Midtskogen, Rune (4 July 2009). ""Greven" angrer ingenting" ["The Count" regrets nothing] (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  49. ↑ Sortland, Kjersti, & Bjørn Reese. 1997. "Greven" opprørt. VG (April 13): 9.
  50. 1 2 3 Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 141.
  51. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 145.
  52. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 129.
  53. 1 2 Campion, Chris (20 February 2005). "In the Face of Death". The Observer. Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
  54. 1 2 3 "Varg Vikernes – A Comment to "Vargsmål" and other books by Varg Vikernes". Burzum.org. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  55. ↑ Lords of Chaos (1998):159
  56. ↑ Christe, Ian (2003). Sound of the Beast: the Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 279.
  57. 1 2 3 Vikernes, Varg. "A Comment To "Vargsmål" And Other Books By Varg Vikernes". Burzum.org. 15 December 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 362
  59. ↑ Lords of Chaos (2003), p. 369
  60. ↑ "Norwegischer Black Metal" (in German). Intro.de. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  61. ↑ "Varg Vikernes – A review of M. Moynihan & D. Søderlind's "Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of The Satanic Metal Underground" (new edition)". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  62. ↑ "A Burzum Story: Part IX – The Tomorrow". Burzum.org. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  63. ↑ Interview with Varg Vikernes for "Terrorizer" Magazine (#194, March 2010), by James Minton. Burzum.org. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  64. 1 2 3 "Newspaper: VARG VIKERNES Carried Military Equipment At The Time Of His Arrest". Blabbermouth.net. 28 October 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  65. 1 2 3 "UPDATE: VARG Held Family At Gunpoint, Fled Prison Because He Feared Attempt On His Life". Blabbermouth.net. 27 October 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  66. ↑ "VARG VIKERNES Refuses To Name Accomplices, Faces Additional Prison Time". Blabbermouth.net. 30 October 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  67. 1 2 3 Rune Midtskogen, "Jeg er klar for samfunnet" Dagbladet 6 June 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2009
  68. ↑ Aftenposten, English edition, 11 June 2008:Too dangerous for parole
  69. ↑ "Burzum and Varg Vikernes news and updates". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  70. ↑ Berg, Morten Michelsen (10 March 2009). "Nå slipper "Greven" ut". TV 2 Nyhetene (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  71. ↑ "Varg Vikernes is a free man". Blabbermouth.net. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  72. ↑ VG Nett, 11 June 2008: Varg Vikernes for farlig for friheten (in Norwegian)
  73. ↑ Varg Vikernes: The Cleansing, 15 March 2013, accessed on 8 April 2013.
  74. ↑ Vikernes, Varg (27 February 2017). "Go forth and Procreate!". I have 6 children already, and plan to have more
  75. ↑ Varg Vikernes: Shadows of the Mind, 30 April 2013, accessed on 27 June 2013.
  76. ↑ Back to the Shadows, 27 April 2013, accessed on 27 June 2013.
  77. 1 2 Staff writer(s) (18 July 2013). "Role Playing, Camping Trips, and Films About Bears: Inside the Wild World of Varg Vikernes". VICE.
  78. ↑ Julien Dumond (16 July 2013). "Un néo-nazi norvégien interpellé en Corrèze". Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  79. ↑ John Irish. "Man linked to Norwegian mass killer Breivik arrested in France". Reuters. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  80. ↑ "Neo-Nazi singer Vikernes in French terror arrest". 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  81. 1 2 "BBC News – 'Neo-Nazi' musician Vikernes in French terror arrest". BBC News. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  82. ↑ "Neo-Nazi musician Vikernes freed after arrest in France". BBC. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  83. ↑ "Varg Vikernes er løslatt – Nyheter, tv og radio fra hele verden". NRK.no. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  84. ↑ Lillegård, Henning (28 August 2013). "Tiltalen klar mot Varg Vikernes". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  85. ↑ Doksheim, Therese (8 July 2014). "Varg Vikernes dømt til seks måneder betinget fengsel". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  86. ↑ Azeroth, Marcel (December 9, 2015). "Ich habe neun Stunden lang den YouTube-Kanal von Burzum geschaut". VICE (in German).
  87. ↑ Vikernes, Varg (31 July 2013). "Why Ôðalism?". Thulean Perspective.
  88. 1 2 3 4 5 Varg Vikernes: A Burzum Story: Part VII – The Nazi Ghost, July 2005, accessed on 5 December 2012.
  89. ↑ Dunn, Sam (Director) (5 August 2005). Metal: A Headbanger's Journey (motion picture). Canada: Dunn, Sam.
  90. ↑ Asprem, Egil (2008). "Heathens Up North: Politics, Polemics, and Contemporary Paganism in Norway". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 10 (1): 59. doi:10.1558/pome.v10i1.41.
  91. ↑ "Varg Vikernes". The Metal Crypt. Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  92. ↑ "Interview with Varg Vikernes". Burzum.org. 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  93. 1 2 3 4 "Bard's Tale: part VIII: Religion or Reason". Burzum.org. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  94. ↑ "Germansk Mytologi & Verdensanskuelse". Arktos. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  95. ↑ Vikernes, Varg (27 August 2011). "Varg Vikernes "Sorcery And Religion In Ancient Scandinavia"". Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  96. ↑ Vikernes, Varg (5 December 2012). Sorcery and Religion in Ancient Scandinavia (1st ed.). Abstract Sounds Books Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-9566959-3-2.
  97. ↑ Pomo, Brian (17 May 2012). ""Sorcery and Religion in Ancient Scandinavia" by Varg Vikernes". Heathen Harvest. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  98. ↑ "Advocating national socialism, anti-Semitism, eugenics, and racist paganism, Vikernes launched Norsk Hedensk Front in 1993, which soon evolved into a network of independent tribes called the Allgermanische Heidnische Front (AHF)". Gardell 2003: 307.
  99. ↑ "Vikernes is also the self-proclaimed leader of the Norsk Hedensk Front (Norwegian Heathen Front) and of an international heathen brotherhood he calls Cymophane." Article by Xavier Cattarinich, Kaplan 2000: 319.
  100. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke 2003: 205.
  101. ↑ "Johnston, Chris. "Don't simply demonise death metal" The Age 28 September 2005". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  102. ↑ Helsingin Sanomat: Porvoon tuomiokirkon tulipalosta yli kolmen vuoden vankeustuomio (in Finnish)
  103. ↑ Helsingin Sanomat: Hovioikeus kovensi Porvoon kirkon sytyttäjän tuomiota (in Finnish)
  104. ↑ "Canadian Black Metal Arsonists Receive Jail Time – 28 June 2006". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  105. ↑ http://myfarog.org/

Sources

Further reading

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