Ford Pinto engine

Ford Pinto engine
Overview
Manufacturer Ford Motor Company
Also called EAO/OHC
T88-series
Taunus/Lima in-line
Production 1970-2001
Combustion chamber
Configuration Inline-4
Displacement 1.3 L - 2.5 L
Output
Power output 54-205hp
Chronology
Predecessor None (North America)
Essex V4/Taunus V4 engine

The Ford Pinto engine was the unofficial but generic nickname for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine built by Ford Europe. In Ford sales literature, it was referred to as the EAO or OHC engine and because it was designed to the metric system, it was sometimes called the "metric engine". The internal Ford codename for the unit was the T88-series engine. European Ford service literature refers to it as the Taunus In-Line engine (hence the TL codenames) and the Lima In-Line (LL)

It was used in many European Ford cars and was exported to the United States to be used in the Ford Pinto, a successful subcompact car of the 1970s, hence the name which is used most often for the unit. In Britain, it is commonly used in many kit cars and hot rods, especially in the 2 litre size.

Pinto OHC (TL)

In Europe, the Pinto OHC was introduced in 1970 to replace the Essex V4 used in the Corsair as that range was subsumed into the Mk3 Cortina and Taunus V4 for the German Fords range (mainly the new Taunus TC). It was the first Ford engine to feature a belt-driven overhead camshaft (thus the name).

Applications:

The Pinto engine was available in five displacements: 1.3 L (1,294 cc), earlier 1.6 L (1,593 cc), later 1.6 L (1,598 cc), 1.8 L (1,796 cc) and the 2.0 L (1,993 cc). Due to emission requirements, it was phased out towards the end of the 1980s to be replaced by the CVH engine and DOHC engine, the latter being (contrary to popular belief) a completely new design and not a twin-cam development of the Pinto unit. The 16-valve version of the Ford DOHC unit is still used on the Ford Transit. The only DOHC direct derivative of Pinto engine is the Cosworth YB 16-valve engine, powering Ford Sierra and Ford Escort RS Cosworth variants.

1.3 (TL13)

The smallest member of the family was the 1.3 L (1,294 cc) which had a 79.0 mm (3.11 in) bore and 66.0 mm (2.60 in) stroke. It was produced in two compression ratio versions:

The fuel was supplied by the Motorcraft single-barrel (1V) carburettor in the early models (until April 1979), and Motorcraft VV ("variable venturi") carburetor for the vehicles built after April 1979.

Applications:

1.6 (TL16)

Early low compression variant (TL16L)

Initially, the 1.6 L (1,593 cc) had a bore of 87.6 mm (3.45 in) and shared the crankshaft with the 1.3 L model with a stroke of 66.0 mm (2.60 in) giving the displacement of 1593 cc. The TL16L had a compression ratio of 8.2:1 and developed 48–51 kW (64–68 hp) of power and 111–113 N·m (82–83 ft·lbf) of torque depending on the carburettor and application. As the 1.3 L model, it used the Motorcraft 1V and, later, the Motorcraft VV carburetors. The engine code of the low compression variant started with 'LA'.

Applications:

Early high compression variant (TL16H)

The HC version of the early 1.6 L had the same bore and stroke as the LC version, but the compression ratio was higher (9.2:1), allowing it to produce 53 kW (71 hp) of power and 118 N·m (87 ft·lbf) of torque. It used the same carburetor models as the low compression version (Motorcraft 1V and Motorcraft VV).

Applications:

Increased performance (GT) variant (TL16G)

From the beginning of the production run, the 1.6 L had a special, 'sporty' version which featured:

With such an improvement package, the engine produced 66 kW (89 hp) of power and 125 N·m (92 ft·lbf) of torque.

Applications:

1970-1976 Ford Cortina GT (engine code LEA)

Late variant (TL16E)

At the beginning of 1984, Ford Pinto engine displacement range switched from 1.3/1.6/2.0 to 1.6/1.8/2.0. The newly introduced 1.8 L engine used the 2.0 L crankshaft, so to uniform engine parts for the whole range after dropping the 1.3 L — the 1.6 L was redesigned to also take the 2.0 L crankshaft which had a 76.2 mm (3.00 in) stroke. This of course led to bringing the bore down to 81.0 mm (3.19 in) to keep the displacement within range — it was now 1598 cc. The TL16E became now the only available 1.6 L engine of the Pinto range. Although the compression ratio was raised to 9.5:1, the power figures did not differ much from the earlier TL16H version — the engine developed 56 kW (75 hp) of power and 123 N·m (91 ft·lbf) of torque. This engine is sometimes referred to as 1.6 E-Max engine.

Applications:

1.8 (TL18H)

The 1.8 L (1,798 cc) Pinto engine was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for the "old" 1.6 L. The engine had an 86.2 mm (3.39 in) bore and 76.95 mm (3.03 in) stroke giving the displacement of 1796 cc. Output was 66 kW (89 hp) of power and 140 N·m (100 ft·lbf). Fuel was supplied by the Pierburg 2E3 28/32 carburetor.

Applications:

2.0 (TL20)

The 2.0 L (1,993 cc) was used in many Ford vehicles from the early 1970s. Due to its robustness and high tuning potential, it was often used as an aftermarket engine upgrade or base for building race and rally engines — not exclusively in Ford cars. The engine has bore of 90.82 mm (3.58 in) and 76.95 mm (3.03 in) stroke giving the displacement of 1993 cc. It was manufactured in several variants:

Low compression variant (TL20L)

Three completely different LC variants of the 2.0 L were produced. One was used on the 1970–1982 Ford Taunus export version to Sweden — fitted with the Weber DGAV 32/32 carburetor and compression ratio lowered to 8.2:1 to meet the rigorous emission specifications; it delivered 64 kW (86 hp) of power and 140 N·m (100 ft·lbf) of torque. The second one was used on 1978–1991 Ford Transits and P100 models. With modified induction and Motorcraft 1V carburetor, it produced 57 kW (76 hp) of power and 147 N·m (108 ft·lbf) of torque available at only 2800 rpm. The compression ratio in this case was also 8.2:1. The Transits also used the third variant called the "Economy" engine. The power figure of this one was even lower — it developed only 43 kW (58 hp).

Applications:

Standard (high compression) variant (TL20H)

Although Ford marked its standard 2.0 L engine as HC, it actually uses engine codes meant for the 'increased performance variant' engines (coding starting with 'NE'), these have a compression ratio of to 9.2:1. This engine used different carburettor models across the years:

The engine produced 74 kW (99 hp) of power and 156 N·m (115 ft·lbf) of torque, though a few models with a higher output were produced (for example a 81 kW (109 hp) version used in 1976 Ford Escort RS2000).

Applications:

Injection variant (TL20EFI)

The injected 2.0 L used the Ford EEC-IV engine control system which brought the output up to 85 kW (114 hp) of power and 160 N·m (120 ft·lbf)[1] of torque, although much of this increased performance can be attributed to the improved design of the EFI variants cylinder head.[2] As the EEC-IV installation on most of those engines contains some Bosch parts that are easily visible in the engine compartment (air flow meter of the electromechanical "flap" type, injectors, fuel pressure regulator etc), it is often - but falsely believed that they are fitted with the Bosch L-jetronic injection system. Some of the TL20EFI engines have closed-loop lambda control, while others are lacking that feature.

Applications:

Single point injection variant (TL20CFI)

This variant was used in Ford Transit exclusively. The power output was 57 kW (75 hp).

Applications:

Cosworth YB (CH20EFI)

In the beginning of the 1980s, Cosworth developed a 16-valve performance head conversion for the Pinto engine. This was seen by a Ford executive who asked Cosworth to develop it with a turbo for use in the new Ford Sierra RS Cosworth. The engine is therefore based on a modified Pinto block topped with the Cosworth-developed alloy head and Garrett turbo.

Lima OHC (LL)

2.0

The 2.0 litre version was a narrower-bore version of the original 2.3 liter "Lima" four. Bore and stroke are 89.3 and 79.4 mm (3.52 and 3.13 in), respectively, for an overall displacement of 1,990 cc (121 cu in). This engine was installed in the 1983-1988 Ford Rangers and in some Argentinian Ford Taunuses.

Applications

2.3 (LL23)

The Ford Pinto used the OHC version, a 2.3 L (2301 cc) unit introduced in 1974 which has a 96.04 mm (3.78 in) bore and 79.4 mm (3.13 in) stroke. This version lasted until 1997 in various guises. The earliest units produced 66 kW (88 hp) and 160 N·m (118 lb·ft). This engine has also been known as the Lima engine, after the Lima Engine plant in Lima, Ohio, where it was first manufactured (it was also later manufactured in Brazil).

In 1979-80, a draw-through, nonintercooled turbo version was produced for Mustang Cobras and some Capris. Lack of dealership and owner training resulted in many stuck turbochargers and other maintenance problems. They were limited to 5 PSI of boost, though Ford Motorsport sold a wastegate with an adjustable rod which allowed an increase up to 9 PSI. It was used in this carbureted form in a number of passenger cars, from the Fairmont Futura Turbo to the 1979 Indy Pace Car edition Mustang.

In 1983, Ford introduced a fuel-injected version of the turbocharged engine, which was used in the Thunderbird Turbo Coupe and the Turbo GT trim of the Mustang. In 1984, the Mustang SVO was introduced with an intercooler, initially producing 175 hp (130 kW) and later increased to 205 hp (153 kW) in 1985½. After the SVO was discontinued, the intercooler was added to the Turbo Coupe. Output for this turbo/intercooled version was 190 hp (140 kW) and 240 ft·lbf (330 N·m) for the 1987-88 models with the five-speed (T-5) manual transmission. In addition to the 1983-1984 Mustang Turbo GT and 1983-1986 Turbo Coupe, the nonintercooled version of the engine was also used in the 1985-89 Merkur XR4Ti and 1984-1986 Mercury Cougar XR7, producing 155 hp (116 kW) and 190 ft·lbf (260 N·m).

A dual-spark version (with two spark plugs per cylinder, distributor-less ignition, and reduced main bearing sizes) was introduced in the 1989 Ford Ranger and 1991 Ford Mustang. This version produced 78 kW (105 hp) and 183 N·m (135 lb·ft).

Applications
Turbocharged and intercooled 2.3 liter engine in a 1986 Mustang SVO

2.5 (LL25)

A stroked (by 7 mm) version of the 2.3 OHC Ford Ranger engine appeared in 1998. In addition to longer stroke, it used higher-flow cylinder heads utilizing narrower 7mm valve stems. Crankshaft counter balance weights were increased in count from 4 to 8. Output was 89 kW (119 hp) and 202 N·m (149 lb·ft). It was replaced in 2001 by the Mazda-derived Duratec 23, but Ford Power Products continues to sell this engine as the LRG-425.

Applications:

References

  1. ↑ http://www.ultimatespecs.com/car-specs/Ford/7281/Ford-Scorpio-I-20i.html
  2. ↑ Hammill, Des (2001). "5". How to Build and Power Tune Ford Pinto Engines (Including Cosworth). Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1903706107.

See also

Ford Motor Company engine timeline, North American market, 1950s–1970s — Next »
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