Food industry

Packaged food aisles at an American grocery store
Parmigiano reggiano Cheese in a modern factory
Hens in a battery cage in Brazil, an example of intensive animal farming

The Food Industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, and hunter-gatherers can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.

The food Industry includes:

Definitions

It is challenging to find an inclusive way to cover all aspects of food production and sale. The Food Standards Agency describes it thus:

"...the whole food industry – from farming and food production, packaging and distribution, to retail and catering."[1]

The Economic Research Service of the USDA uses the term food system to describe the same thing:

"The U.S. food system is a complex network of farmers and the industries that link to them. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the food marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice establishments."[2]
The term food industries covers a series of industrial activities directed at the processing, conversion, preparation, preservation and packaging of foodstuffs. The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, family-run activities that are highly labor intensive, to large, capital-intensive and highly mechanized industrial processes. Many food industries depend almost entirely on local agriculture or fishing.[3]

Agriculture and agronomy

A soybean field in Junin, Argentina

Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as "farming". Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. 1 in 3 people worldwide are employed in agriculture,[4] yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP.[5]

Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, and land reclamation. Agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences. Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impact of agriculture, and extracting energy from plants.[6]

Food processing

Packaged meat in a supermarket

Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced.

One off production: This method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making of one-off products could take days depending on how intricate the design is.

Batch production: This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of cupcakes. This method involves estimating consumer demand.

Mass production: This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line.

Just-in-time (JIT) (production): This method of production is mainly used in restaurants. All components of the product are available in-house and the customer chooses what they want in the product. It is then prepared in a kitchen, or in front of the buyer as in sandwich delicatessens, pizzerias, and sushi bars.

Industry influence

The food industry has a large influence on consumerism. Organizations, such as The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), have been criticized for accepting monetary donations from companies within the food industry, such as Coca-Cola.[7] These donations have been criticized for creating a conflict of interest and favoring an interest such as financial gains.[7]

Regulation

Since World War II, agriculture in the United States and the entire national food system in its entirety has been characterized by models that focus on monetary profitability at the expense of social and environmental integrity.[8] Regulations exist to protect consumers and somewhat balance this economic orientation with public interests for food quality, food security, food safety, animal well-being, environmental protection and health.[9]

Wholesale and distribution

A foodservice truck at a loading dock. Trucks commonly distribute food products to commercial businesses and organizations.

A vast global cargo network connects the numerous parts of the industry. These include suppliers, manufacturers, warehousers, retailers and the end consumers. Wholesale markets for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in urbanizing countries, including Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of supermarkets, which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets.

The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a material handling system in a warehouse.[10]

Retail

With worldwide urbanization,[11] food buying is increasingly removed from food production. During the 20th century, the supermarket became the defining retail element of the food industry. There, tens of thousands of products are gathered in one location, in continuous, year-round supply.

Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The food service industry by contrast offers prepared food, either as finished products, or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". Restaurants, cafes, bakeries and mobile food trucks provide opportunities for consumers to purchase food.

Food industry technologies

The Passaic Agricultural Chemical Works, an agrochemical company, in Newark, New Jersey, 1876

Modern food production is defined by sophisticated technologies. These include many areas. Agricultural machinery, originally led by the tractor, has practically eliminated human labor in many areas of production. Biotechnology is driving much change, in areas as diverse as agrochemicals, plant breeding and food processing. Many other types of technology are also involved, to the point where it is hard to find an area that does not have a direct impact on the food industry. As in other fields, computer technology is also a central force, with computer networks and specialized software providing the support infrastructure to allow global movement of the myriad components involved.

Marketing

As consumers grow increasingly removed from food production, the role of product creation, advertising, and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food. With processed food as the dominant category, marketers have almost infinite possibilities in product creation. Of the food advertised to children on television 73% is fast or convenience foods.[12]

Labor and education

Some equipment at Tartu Mill, the largest grain milling company in the Baltic states. Modern food processing factories are often highly automated and need few workers.

Until the last 100 years, agriculture was labor intensive. Farming was a common occupation and millions of people were involved in food production. Farmers, largely trained from generation to generation, carried on the family business. That situation has changed dramatically today. In America in 1870, 70-80 percent of the US population was employed in agriculture.[13] As of 2008, less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture.,[14][15] and about 80% of the population lives in cities. The food industry as a complex whole requires an incredibly wide range of skills. Several hundred occupation types exist within the food industry.

Work in the food industry traditionally involves gendered divisions of labor. Perceived and actual physical strength, and the ability to use technology[16] define the boundaries between the work of men and women. According to a 2012 survey[17] by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, men earn median weekly wages of $433 as compared to $389 earned by women in the same food preparation and service jobs. Women are also less likely to have low income mobility, as they make up less than 33% of paid cooks and less than 18% of head chefs in restaurants,[16] but over 65% of the lowest skilled food preparers and servers.[17] Men are found to be employed in ownership, managerial, and supervisory positions, while women often work in subordinate, clerical positions.[18]

Occupational sex segregation in the food industry is maintained by gendered norms and interactions. Women are faced with the challenge of being assertive and professionally competent while also demonstrating gender normative, traditionally feminine passivity.[19] They are more likely to be subject to sexual abuse and violence in the workplace.[20] Obstacles more likely to be faced by women—such as pay inequality, lack of role models and mentoring, discrimination and harassment, and family needs—prevent career advancement.[21]

By country

See also

General:

Book, film, TV and web-related exposés and critiques of the food industry:

References

  1. ↑ "Industry". Food Standards Agency (UK).
  2. ↑ "Food market structures: Overview". Economic Research Service (USDA).
  3. ↑ Parmeggiani, Lougi. Encyclopædia of Occupational Health and Safety (3rd ed.). p. 2538. ASIN B00E1WQZ9S.
  4. ↑ "Labour" (PDF). FAO.org. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  5. ↑ "Macroeconomy" (PDF). FAO.org. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  6. ↑ "I'm An Agronomist!". Imanagronomist.net. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
  7. 1 2 Brody, Howard (2016-08-01). "Professional medical organizations and commercial conflicts of interest: ethical issues". Annals of Family Medicine. 8 (4): 354–358. ISSN 1544-1717. PMC 2906531 Freely accessible. PMID 20644191. doi:10.1370/afm.1140.
  8. ↑ Schattman, Rachel. "Sustainable Food Sourcing and Distribution in the Vermont-Regional Food System" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  9. ↑ Szajkowska, Anna. Regulating Food Law: Risk Analysis and the Precautionary Principle as General Principles of EU Food Law. Wageningen Academic Pub. ISBN 9789086861941. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  10. ↑ "Boosting efficiency at the DC". Grocery Headquarters. Retrieved February 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  11. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision". Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (United Nations).
  12. ↑ Kunkel, Dale (2009). [Kunkel D. et al. The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised to Children on Television. Oakland, CA: Children Now, 2009. "The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised to Children on Television"] Check |url= value (help). Children Now.
  13. ↑ Neat Facts About United States Agriculture, Retrieved November 19, 2013
  14. ↑ "Employment by major industry sector". Bls.gov. 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  15. ↑ "Extension". Csrees.usda.gov. 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  16. 1 2 Sachs, Carolyn (2014). "Front and back of the house: socio-spatial inequalities in food work". Agric Hum Values. 31: 3–17.
  17. 1 2 "Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex". US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  18. ↑ Acker, J (2006). "Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations". Gender & Society. 20.4: 441–464.
  19. ↑ Harris, Deborah Ann (2015). Taking the heat: women chefs and gender inequality in the professional kitchen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U Press.
  20. ↑ Kearney, M., and C. Nagengast. Anthropological perspectives on transnational communities in rural California. Working Group on Farm Labor and Rural Poverty Working Paper No. 3. Davis, CA: California Institute for Rural Studies (1989).
  21. ↑ Crafts, Dan, and Loanna Thompson. "Career Advancement Obstacles for Women in the Foodservice Industry." Journal of College & University Foodservice 2.3 (1996): 5-14. Web.

Further reading

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