Flag of the East India Company

The final flag of the East India Company

The Flag of the East India Company represented the British East India Company between 1600 and 1874. The flag was altered as the nation changed from England to Great Britain to the United Kingdom. It was initially a red and white striped ensign with the Flag of England in canton. The flag was later updated to include the Flag of Great Britain and Flag of the United Kingdom in 1707 and 1801 respectively, as the nation developed.

English control

The first flag of the Company

Upon receiving Royal Assent to trade in the Indian Ocean by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, the English East India Company adopted a flag of thirteen red and white stripes with the Flag of England in canton.[1] It was reported that the number of stripes was chosen because many of the East India Company's shareholders were Freemasons, and the number thirteen is considered powerful in freemasonry.[2] However, different reports gave varying initial numbers of stripes.

The flag caused problems for the East India Company at first when trading in the Far East, because of its use of the St George's Cross. In Japan in 1616, the Company's ships were turned away because the cross on the flag was viewed as a symbol of Christianity, which the Japanese had banned in 1614.[3] The Lê dynasty in Tonkin banned the Company from using the flag, believing the cross on it to be an endorsement of Christianity, promotion of which the Tonkinese had prohibited. The Company's trading rivals, the Dutch East India Company, argued on the Company's behalf that the cross was a symbol of the English nation and not of Christianity, but the Tonkinese insisted on banning the flying of the flag unless the cross was removed.[4] In 1673, when the Company attempted to restart trade with Japan, they initially declared they would not change their flag. However, after receiving local advice and a demand for an explanation from the Japanese authorities, the Company began using a flag with red and white stripes, but without the flag of England on it, for trading in the Far East.[3]

In 1682 in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, the flag was at the centre of tensions between the English and Dutch governments after soldiers from the Dutch East India Company were accused of tearing down one of the flags. Although the Dutch sent warships to reinforce the area, the event came to nothing, as the person making the accusation was not present on Batavia, and neither the Company directors nor King Charles II of England had any desire to enter into military conflict with the Dutch over the matter.[5]

Great Britain

The flag between 1668 and 1801

In 1603, when James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne, thus unifying the Crowns of England and Scotland, he created a combined flag of both nations, to be used for a united British state. However, the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland were reluctant to unite, and wished that the countries remain separate. The king retained his flag of Great Britain for his personal use as the King's Colours.[6] The East India Company continued using their ensign with the flag of England. In 1668, King Charles II transferred control of Bombay to the East India Company. The Company then adopted a new flag including the King's Colours, as was shown when blue cloth, in addition to red and white, was requested for making a new flag for the fort in Bombay "if the King’s colours were to be kept there; 'if not, white and red will be sufficient'”.[7] The King's Colours were later formally adopted as the Flag of Great Britain when the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by the Acts of Union 1707 at the behest of Queen Anne.[8]

Comparisons with the flag of the United States

The Grand Union Flag

The Flag of the East India Company is considered to have inspired the Grand Union Flag, the first flag of the United States, as the two flags were of the same design.[3] This connexion is attributed to numerous sources. Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company's flag by the United States as their national flag. He said to George Washington, "While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use a flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company."[9] This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States' aspirations to be self-governing, as was the East India Company. Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence, as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies. Colonists therefore flew the Company's flag, to endorse the Company.[10]

However, the theory that the Grand Union Flag was a direct descendant of the Flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence.[7] On the other hand, the resemblance is obvious, and a number of the Founding Fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule.[7]

United Kingdom

In 1801, following the unification of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Union Jack was changed to incorporate the Cross of St Patrick. Accordingly, the flag of the East India Company was updated to display the new flag in canton.[11]

In 1858, the British government passed the Government of India Act 1858, nationalising the East India Company and taking over all of their possessions within India, where they would be considered legally a part of the British Raj. The Company was thus dissolved, and their flag ceased to have official status.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Preble, George (1872). Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations. J Munsell. p. 155.
  2. ↑ Hartmann, Thom (2010). Unequal Protection: How Corporations Became ""People"" – and How You Can Fight Back. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 68. ISBN 1605095605.
  3. 1 2 3 Fawcett, Sir Charles. "The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN 'STARS and STRIPES'". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2017-05-23.(subscription required)
  4. ↑ Anh Tuan, Hoang (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637–1700. BRILL. p. 195. ISBN 9047421698.
  5. ↑ Bowen, H.V. (2002). The Worlds of the East India Company. Boydell & Brewer. p. 54. ISBN 1843830736.
  6. ↑ A.C. Fox-Davies, The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory (1904), p. 399
  7. 1 2 3 "Saltires and Stars & Stripes". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  8. ↑ "History of the British Flag". U.S. National Park Service. 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
  9. ↑ Johnson, Robert (2006). Saint Croix 1770–1776: The First Salute to the Stars and Stripes. AuthorHouse. p. 71. ISBN 1425970087.
  10. ↑ Horton, Tom (2014). "Exposing the Origins of Old Glory's stripes". History's Lost Moments: The Stories Your Teacher Never Told You. 5. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 149074469X.
  11. ↑ Van Dyke, Paul (2015). Images of the Canton Factories 1760–1822: Reading History in Art. Hong Kong University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9888208551.
  12. ↑ Keith, A.B. "A Constitutional History Of India 1600–1935". San Diego State University. Retrieved 2017-05-23 – via Wayback Machine.
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