National government, August–October 1931

Third MacDonald ministry
August–October 1931
Date formed	24 August 1931
Date dissolved	28 October 1931
People and organisations
Head of state	George V
Head of government	Ramsay MacDonald
Head of government's history	1929–1935
Deputy head of government	Stanley Baldwin[note 1]
Total no. of ministers	59 appointments
Member parties	Conservative Party Liberal Party National Labour National Liberal Party
Status in legislature	Majority (coalition)
Opposition party	Labour Party
Opposition leaders	Arthur Henderson in the House of Commons Lord Parmoor in the House of Lords
History
Outgoing election	1931 general election
Legislature term(s)	35th Parliament (UK)
Predecessor	Second MacDonald ministry
Successor	Fourth MacDonald ministry

The National Government of August–October 1931 was formed by Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following his expulsion from the Labour Party. He had formed a coalition government with several parties and subsequently won the forthcoming 1931 general election.

As a National Government it contained members of the Conservative Party, Liberals, Liberal Nationals and National Labour, as well as a number of individuals who belonged to no political party. The ministry was the first of several National Governments.

Formation

The outgoing Labour cabinet, which was a minority government, was unable to agree upon proposals to cut public expenditure. The Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald submitted his resignation to King George V on 24 August 1931.

The King persuaded MacDonald that it was his duty to form a new government to address the financial crisis. The original idea was that the National government would be free to draw upon the talents of members of all parties, so that it would represent the nation as a whole rather than being a coalition of parties like those which had existed between 1915 and 1922. However, as the main body of the Labour Party refused to co-operate, the government comprised members from MacDonald's small group of National Labour supporters, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party.

The Liberal Party was split into three factions. The mainstream party led by Sir Herbert Samuel, who had been the Deputy Leader of the party before the formation of the National Government, continued to support free trade. The Liberal National group led by Sir John Simon had accepted the Conservative policy of protectionism. These two Liberal factions were supporters of the National Ministry. The third group of Lloyd George or Independent Liberals were opposed to the ministry (David Lloyd George had led the party until 1931, but during the crisis he was ill and he took no part in the discussions which led to Liberal participation in government).

The new Ministry was formed on 24 August 1931 when MacDonald was re-appointed Prime Minister. A smaller than usual cabinet was appointed the following day.

General election

The First National Ministry had not originally been intended to fight a general election, but under Conservative pressure one was soon called. The Samuelite Liberal Party was opposed to a general election but found it could not prevent one. Parliament was dissolved on 8 October 1931.

The United Kingdom general election, 1931 took place on 27 October 1931 leading to a landslide victory for candidates supporting the National government. MacDonald reconstructed his government on 5 November 1931, creating the Second National Ministry.

Cabinet

August 1931 – November 1931

•      Ramsay MacDonald – Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
•      Lord Sankey – Lord Chancellor
•      Stanley Baldwin – Lord President
•      Philip Snowden – Chancellor of the Exchequer
•      Sir Herbert Samuel – Home Secretary
•      Lord Reading – Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Lords
•      Sir Samuel Hoare – Secretary for India
•      J.H. Thomas – Dominions Secretary and Colonial Secretary
•      Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister – President of the Board of Trade
•      Neville Chamberlain – Minister of Health

Key

•      = Member of National Labour
•      = Member of the Conservative Party
•      = Member of the Liberal Party

Members of the Ministry

The First National Government was composed of members of the following parties:

•      National Labour
•      Conservative Party
•      Liberal Party

Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.

Notes

References

• Bassett, Reginald. 1931 Political Crisis (2nd ed., Aldershot: Macmillan 1986) ISBN 0-566-05138-9
• Eccleshall; Walker, Robert, eds. (June 2002). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-66231-9. 
• Howell, David. MacDonald's Party: Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922-1931 (Oxford U.P. 2002). ISBN 0-19-820304-7
• Hyde, H. Montgomery. Baldwin: The Unexpected Prime Minister (1973)
• Jenkins, Roy. Baldwin (1987) excerpt and text search
• Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain between the Wars: 1918-1945 (1955) PP 413–79
• Raymond, John, ed. The Baldwin Age (1960), essays by scholars 252 pages; online
• Smart, Nick. The National Government. 1931-40 (Macmillan 1999) ISBN 0-333-69131-8
• Stanton, Philip (2000). Britain 1905–1951. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-7487-4517-3. 
• Taylor, A.J.P. English History 1914-1945 (1965) pp 321–88
• Thorpe, Andrew. Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). ISBN 0-631-17411-7
• Williamson, Philip. National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and the Empire, 1926-1932, (Cambridge UP, 1992). ISBN 0-521-36137-0
• Cawood, Ian, (10 May 2013), 'Liberal-Conservative Coalitions - ‘a farce and a fraud’?' History & Policy. http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/liberal-conservative-coalitions-a-farce-and-a-fraud