Fife Symington

Fife Symington

Symington in 2017
19th Governor of Arizona
In office
March 6, 1991 – September 5, 1997
Preceded by Rose Mofford
Succeeded by Jane Dee Hull
Personal details
Born John Fife Symington III
(1945-08-12) August 12, 1945
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Ann Olin Pritzlaff (m. 1976)
Residence Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Alma mater Harvard University
Profession Businessman, politician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch U.S. Air Force
Years of service 1967–1971
Rank Captain
Awards Bronze Star Medal

John Fife Symington III (/faɪf saɪmiːŋtən/; born August 12, 1945) is an American businessman and politician. In 1990, he was elected to serve the first of two consecutive terms as the 19th Governor of Arizona. During his second term, in 1997, Symington resigned from the office of Governor following a conviction on charges of extortion and bank fraud – a conviction which was later overturned. Prior to his entry into politics, Symington served in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base near Glendale, Arizona. He is a member of the Republican Party.

A native of Maryland, Symington attended the prestigious Gilman School in Baltimore, and subsequently graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Dutch art history. Symington comes from a political family; his father, J. Fife Symington Jr. was U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago, and his cousin Stuart Symington was a U.S. Senator from Missouri. After joining the Air Force in 1967 and achieving the rank of Captain, Symington was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service, and was honorably discharged in 1971. He remained in Arizona, and became a real estate developer, founding his own company, the Symington Company, in 1976.

Symington was elected Governor in 1990 over Mayor of Phoenix Terry Goddard, following a close campaign that resulted in a runoff election. During his first term, Symington established charter schools in Arizona by signing sweeping education reform legislation, with the first charter schools opening in the state in 1995. The following year, during his second term, Symington signed legislation to establish the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency, allowing excess water to be acquired from the Central Arizona Project and banked in Arizona for future necessity. His term in office also oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park during the federal government shutdown in November 1995. In 1997, Symington was convicted on seven counts of bank fraud, and resigned from office, but the convictions were later overturned. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton. After his term as governor, Symington left public service and pursued a career as a chef, later co-founding the Arizona Culinary Institute with his business partners Jerry Moyes, Darren Leite and chef Robert E. Wilson. Symington is also known as a witness to the infamous Phoenix Lights, a mass UFO sighting which occurred in Phoenix, Arizona on March 13, 1997.

Early life and career

Symington was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1945.[1] Symington comes from a wealthy Maryland family; he is the great-grandson of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick.[2] Symington was born to Martha Howard (née Frick), and J. Fife Symington Jr. who served as United States Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago from 1969 to 1971 under President Richard Nixon.[2][3] He is also a cousin to Stuart Symington, who was U.S. Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976.[2]

He attended Gilman School in Baltimore, and then went to Harvard University, graduating in 1968 with a degree in Dutch art history. During his time at Gilman, Symington met Thomas Caplan, who would later introduce him to Bill Clinton during college. At 19 years old, Symington rescued Clinton from nearly drowning during a trip to Hyannis Port, Massachusetts near the Kennedy compound.[4] While studying at Harvard, Symington discovered the works of Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek, an economist, social theorist and political philosopher who promoted limited government and free markets.[2] Hayek's work would serve as an influence for Symington's political beliefs in regards to fiscal and taxation policy as Governor.[2] Symington was also a supporter of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election against Lyndon B. Johnson.[2] Beginning in 1967, he served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War, and was stationed at Luke Air Force Base near Glendale, Arizona. In 1971, he was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service, before being honorably discharged.[1] He remained in Arizona and became involved in real estate development, founding his own company, The Symington Company, in 1976.[1] In 1983, he was appointed to Southwest Savings and Loan Association board of directors which was based in Salt Lake City, Utah.[1]

The Esplanade on Camelback and 24th Street in Phoenix was one of The Symington Company's development projects.

Beginning in 1983, one of Symington's projects as a real estate developer, with The Symington Company, was the construction of the Esplanade on 24th Street and Camelback Road, an up-scale office complex that had been built on a former Christmas tree lot.[5] Symington believed it to be the "best location in town for business," and as of 2007, still had his own office on the fourth floor of the building. The financing of the project would later play a part in an investigation in his involvement with Southwest Savings and Loan, which provided the funds with Symington on its board of directors.[5] Symington has stated that the approval of the construction of the Esplanade was significant because nothing over four stories had ever been granted along Camelback Road.[6] The Esplanade took two decades to finish construction, with construction beginning in 1983, and completing in 2003.[6]

Other development projects launched by The Symington Company include the Scottsdale Seville, as well as the Mercado, a shopping complex near downtown Phoenix whose design was influenced by southwestern and Hispanic culture.[7][8] The Mercado was a concept that originated from Phoenix City Hall, which granted the first ever federal Urban Development Action Grant in Phoenix for the complex, and also owned the land that the Mercado was built upon.[8] The Mercado opened in 1989, but it began facing financial hardships only a few years after its opening.[9] Additionally, in an attempt to finance the construction of the Mercado, Symington repeatedly filed false financial statements, according to a jury in the case that later led to his resignation as Governor, in order to receive a $10 million loan for the project from a group of Arizona pension funds.[9][10] It was also alleged that Symington threatened to end the lease granted to Arizona State University, the largest tenant at the Mercado at the time, several times between July and October 1991, unless he was released from the $10 million loan.[11] The Mercado loan officially went into default in 1992, with Symington filing for bankruptcy protection from creditors in U.S. Bankruptcy Court.[12]

Governor of Arizona

1990 gubernatorial campaign

In April 1989, Symington announced his bid for Governor of Arizona in the 1990 election, promising to run the state like a business.[1] Beginning with the initial stages of his campaign, Symington had placed his business expertise and his success as a real estate developer center stage, stating, "What Arizona needs right now is a business mind. The state needs a man who can provide experienced, professional fiscal management to pull it out of its economic crisis. I am that man." In the Republican primary held on September 11, 1990, Symington was opposed by several high profile career politicians, including former Governor Evan Mecham, who had been impeached in 1988 and was attempting to make a comeback.[13][14] Former U.S. Congressman Sam Steiger, who had previously run for U.S. Senate as the Republican nominee in 1976 and for Governor as the Libertarian nominee in 1982 also ran against Symington, but placed a distant fourth behind Mecham and State Senator Fred Koory.[13][15] Despite being portrayed as a liberal by his primary opponents, Symington received nearly 44% of the vote in the primary.[13][14] In his election night speech, Symington immediately began his general election campaign message by stating that his Democratic opponent, Terry Goddard, was "a professional politician, a tax-and-spend Dukakis liberal Democrat," and, in contrast, that he was a Barry Goldwater conservative, and "proud of it."[14] At the time, Goldwater was seen as the ideological godfather of the modern Republican Party,[16] and had endorsed Symington's campaign.[17] Symington's father was also personal friends with Goldwater.[17]

In the general election, the Democratic Party nominee was Terry Goddard, who had served as the mayor of Phoenix until February of that year.[18] Goddard is also the son of former Arizona Governor Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.[17] During the campaign, Goddard had attempted to cast doubt on Symington in the minds of voters by stating that the former businessman could face indictment for his business activities.[19] In response, Symington charged that Goddard had violated the state's campaign finance law by "accepting a law-firm salary while campaigning, without spending the stipulated hours on legal work."[20] One of Symington's campaign promises included a state budget cut of 6%, except for programs related to education and the poor.[21] On election day in November 1990, the presence of several write-in candidates resulted in Symington and Goddard being virtually tied, with Symington ahead by only 4,300 votes.[18][22] Prior to the election, Arizona had adopted runoff voting in general elections if no candidate received 50% of the vote.[20] This came after the controversial Evan Mecham had been elected governor in 1986 with only 40% of the vote.[18] As a result, a runoff was scheduled for February 26, 1991. Both candidates spent a cumulative total of approximately $5 million in the primary, general and runoff campaigns.[18] Shortly before the runoff occurred, while in Washington, D.C. for a fundraiser, Symington was called before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee by Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum, a move that was seen as politically motivated.[20] During the hearing, U.S. Senator Bob Dole accused the Democrats of a political "sneak attack" on Symington, a line which was later used in a Symington campaign commercial.[20] The commercial also depicted Goddard behind bars, as the ad's narrator asks: "How can anyone trust Terry Goddard, when the fact is he's broken the law?"[20] Symington would go on to win the runoff with 52% of the vote.[21] After the extended campaign, Arizona returned to plurality voting for all subsequent gubernatorial elections, making the 1990 gubernatorial election the only runoff election in Arizona's history.[23]

First term (1991–1995)

Symington was sworn into office on March 6, 1991,[24] becoming Arizona's fourth Governor in five years.[21] Symington's first budget as Governor, which totaled more than $3.5 billion, was successfully passed through the state legislature, earning him "high marks" from political analysts at the time, due to its lack of tax increases, as well as for its halting of an incineration project. The project had caused controversy due to the amount of hazardous waste that was being created.[25] Symington also established an extensive review of its human resources management, and created the State Long-Term Improved Management Project (known as Project SLIM). The goal of the project was to reduce the size of the state government and decrease spending. Recommendations that were made as a result of the project included methods for improving the hiring process, improving training, providing alternative processes for employee appeals, reducing overall employment, and upgrading the classification, pay, and benefits system, among other suggestions.[26]

Symington's accounting firm had won the consulting contract for Project SLIM, which later led to an investigation, and resulted in a $3.3 million settlement due to inquiries into the bidding by other state and federal investigative agencies.[27] Governor Symington, and other former directors of Southwest Savings and Loan, were also the subject of an investigation over their involvement in the failure of the Phoenix-based thrift, with the case later being settled for $12 million.[28]

In November 1992, Symington ended a six-month standoff with the Yavapai-Apache Nation by signing a compact that allowed the tribe to operate 250 video gambling machines. Prior to this, the tribe was acting in defiance of federal agents who had seized their gambling machines the year before the agreement. The Yavapai-Apache Nation settled for a quarter of the machines that had been seized, and also agreed to allow state supervision of the gambling operation. In return, the state conceded to allowing the operation of a 24-hour bingo hall and casino by the tribe. Former Arizona Attorney General Jack LaSota criticized the decision at the time, due to Arizona's state laws against gambling.[29] Symington later signed legislation in 1993 that reversed this decision, however, outlawing gambling and casinos, including for fundraising purposes for churches and charities.[30] Also in November 1992, Symington was a supporter of a ballot proposal that reinstated Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in Arizona. The day had been removed as a federal holiday several years prior, under the administration of Governor Evan Mecham, who disagreed with its manner of implementation. Symington boasted that Arizona had become "the only state in the union to put it to the people," and felt the vote in approval of the holiday made "a wonderful statement about Arizona."[31]

One of the major achievements enacted by Symington as Governor came at the end of his first term. It included sweeping education reform legislation, which led to the establishment of charter schools in Arizona.[32] The goal behind establishing charter schools was to improve student achievement and provide additional academic choices, with the first charters opening the following year in 1995.[32] Symington later remarked that by creating charter schools "the public education institutions would be forced to compete and get better, it was never meant to hurt, it was meant to make them better."[33]

1994 gubernatorial campaign

Symington ran for reelection to a second term in 1994. In the Republican primary, Symington was challenged by Barbara Barrett, wife of business executive Craig Barrett. In regard to his primary campaign message, Symington stated "I vowed to get state spending under control, reduce taxes and do my best to promote economic development and restore strength to the economy. I think I am in a strong position because I accomplished my goals."[34] Barrett had spent more than $1 million of her own money in the attempt to defeat Symington, who she stated she did not dislike personally, but simply felt that she could do a better job as Governor.[34] On September 13, 1994, Symington defeated Barrett in the primary by a margin of 68% to 32%.[35] Political analysts stated that Barrett had failed to distinguish herself from the incumbent Governor, and ran a flawed campaign.[34]

In the general election, Symington was challenged by Democratic nominee Eddie Basha, who was known in the state as a grocery store magnate as CEO and Chairman of Bashas'. Prior to the general election, Basha had led Symington in opinion polls by 15 to 20 points.[36] However, the midterm elections of 1994 were a landslide for Republicans, which likely benefited Symington as well, despite his vulnerability due to the controversies that had emerged during his first term in office.[36] Symington defeated Basha, winning 52% of the vote to Basha's 44%.[36] Basha had refused to resort to negative campaigning until the final days of the campaign when it was likely too late, which political analysts pointed to as the reason for his loss.[36] In addition, Symington had highlighted Basha's statement during a debate hosted by the League of Women Voters that the public school system "can be the surrogate family to help children and parents," which led Symington to declare that Basha believed the "state can take the place of the family."[36] After defeating Basha, Symington, in his election night victory speech, pledged to try to further reduce state income taxes during the course of his second term, as well as continue to eliminate regulatory burden on businesses, and also to "get tough on crime."[36] Symington also declared his upset victory a "miracle" and a "revolution," saying the people "want their country back and they want their taxes lowered. Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan started all this and God bless them."[36]

Second term (1995–1997)

Shortly into his second term in office as Governor, Symington filed for personal bankruptcy, claiming debts of more than $24 million, caused by the collapse of his real estate investments. According to a report in The New York Times, Symington stated that his "hand was forced by a consortium of union pension funds that refused to negotiate a settlement of an $11 million debt."[37] In order to finance the construction of a shopping center and office complex in downtown Phoenix, known as the Mercado, Symington had been lent $10 million from six union pension funds.[37] They foreclosed in 1991 when the Mercado's disappointing revenue prevented Symington from being able to make payments towards the loan.[37] This led to the court awarding the union pension funds an estimated $11.4 million settlement, which Symington stated was "beyond his ability to pay."[37]

Symington oversaw the first temporary closure of Grand Canyon National Park following the federal government shutdown in November 1995.

In November 1995, Grand Canyon National Park was closed for the first time in its history, due to the federal government shutdown. On November 17, Symington's response came very close to creating a national crisis.[38][39] Citing the dire effects of the park's closure on tourism, Symington stated that the "Grand Canyon must remain open, by force, if necessary." The Pentagon warned the head of the Arizona National Guard against the use of force and raised the possibility that, if necessary, the guard would be federalized and brought under the control of the White House. The governor decided to go ahead and, accompanied by the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, fifty unarmed National Guard troops, twenty-five state Park Department employees, and other officials, traveled to the canyon. When Symington's group arrived, Symington beat on the park gates in front of the media and demanded that the park be reopened.[40] The United States Department of Interior later reopened the park under state supervision.[40] A federal agency reimbursed Arizona the $370,020 the state donated to keep the Grand Canyon National Park open during the government shutdowns.[41]

In 1996, Symington signed legislation establishing the Arizona Water Bank Authority as a separate agency. The agency acquires excess water from the Central Arizona Project and banks it in Arizona.[2] In a news report published by The Arizona Republic in July 2016, historian Jack August wrote that the legislation "left Arizona in a better position to deal with the current drought than neighboring California," which was experiencing challenges with drought and water management at the time of the article's publication.[2]

Later that same year, in June 1996, Symington was indicted on 21 federal counts of extortion, making false financial statements, and bank fraud. He was convicted for seven counts of bank fraud on September 4, 1997. He was charged with defrauding his lenders as a commercial real estate developer, extorting a pension fund and perjuring himself in a bankruptcy hearing. As Arizona state law does not allow convicted felons to hold office, Symington resigned his office the next day.[42] Prior to his resignation, there had been a high profile recall effort led by former Arizona Secretary of State Richard D. Mahoney.[7] This conviction, however, was overturned in 1999 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Six days into jury deliberations, the trial judge had granted the government's motion to dismiss a juror because the other jurors complained she was refusing to deliberate with them, a serious breach of the juror's oath. A three-judge panel of the appeals court ruled 2–1 that there was a "reasonable possibility" that the juror had actually been removed because she was leaning toward acquittal, and the rest of the jury was frustrated at the prospect of a hung jury (in federal cases, verdicts must be unanimous). The appeals court held that the juror's dismissal violated Symington's right to a fair trial, since he was entitled to that juror's vote. Before the government could retry him, Symington was pardoned in January 2001 by President Bill Clinton, terminating the federal government's seven-year battle with the former governor.[43]

Post-governorship

Arizona Culinary Institute

Symington speaking at a graduation ceremony for the Arizona Culinary Institute in June 2017.

While free on appeal, and before receiving a presidential pardon, Symington had attempted to reinvent himself as a private citizen and decided to enroll himself in culinary school.[2] Symington stated of his experience that "It was very educational and very humbling."[44] During his enrollment at the school, Symington had packed a bag of his belongings in case he had to report to Nellis Federal Prison in Las Vegas, Nevada on 24 hours notice,[45] but this was made moot following his pardon from President Clinton.[44] After graduating from the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale, Symington helped to found the Arizona Culinary Institute. The school was co-founded with several other business partners including chef Robert E. Wilson, entrepreneur Jerry Moyes and former President of the Scottsdale Culinary Institute Darren Leite.[46] The vision of the school was to create a small class environment with hands on training, with a specific focus on the traditional French methods of cooking.[46] The school was opened and started its first classes in early 2002 in Scottsdale.[46]

In addition to his time as a student at culinary school, Symington returned to the Esplanade, a real estate development project that he started in 1983 and eventually lost in the investigation of his business practices, and began working as a dessert and pastry chef at an Italian restaurant at the facility.[2] Symington was also a founding partner of The Symington Group, a venture capital and strategic business/political consulting firm.

Potential return to politics and endorsements

On February 4, 2005, in an interview with The Arizona Republic, Symington expressed interest in running for governor in 2006 against Democrat Janet Napolitano. His interest in the race came after he attended Napolitano's State of the State Address in 2005, and was galvanized in opposition to Napolitano's education platform.[47] However, three months later, on May 5, he withdrew his name from consideration, saying that he wanted to focus his energy on The Symington Group instead.[48] In November 2006, Symington lost a bid to become the Republican Party Chairman of his local legislative district, the district also happened to be the home district of Senator John McCain, whose support Symington had received. This was the first electoral defeat of Symington's career.[49] In April 2007, Symington was named chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden.[50]

Following Janet Napolitano's resignation as Governor of Arizona in 2009, due to her appointment as Secretary of Homeland Security, Symington was once more considered as a potential candidate to run in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but he again refused to run, announcing the decision in October 2009 following disappointing hypothetical poll numbers.[51] Symington instead endorsed former Arizona Republican Party Chairman John Munger, against incumbent Governor Jan Brewer, but Munger eventually dropped out of the race when he was unable to compete with his fellow candidates' sizable fundraising and public funding of their campaigns.[51][52] Despite Symington's refusal to run again for public office, he has remained involved in state politics, endorsing candidates from both the Democratic and Republican parties, including Doug Ducey for Governor, John McCain for U.S. Senate, and Democratic candidate Felecia Rotellini for Arizona Attorney General, among others.[53][54]

Phoenix Lights

In 2007, Symington revealed he was a witness to the Phoenix Lights, a mass UFO sighting that took place on March 13, 1997, a decade before his admission.[55][56] In an interview with The Daily Courier, Symington stated, "I'm a pilot and I know just about every machine that flies. It was bigger than anything that I've ever seen. It remains a great mystery. Other people saw it, responsible people. I don't know why people would ridicule it."[57] He continued, "It was enormous and inexplicable. Who knows where it came from? A lot of people saw it, and I saw it too. It was dramatic. And it couldn't have been flares because it was too symmetrical. It had a geometric outline, a constant shape."[58] As Governor during the Phoenix Lights, Symington stated he would investigate the event, but went on to hold a press conference where he had his chief of staff dress up in an alien costume. He later stated that as a public official he felt a responsibility to avert public panic and therefore made an attempt to introduce some levity into the situation.[59][60]

On November 9, 2007, he appeared with a panel of guests discussing their UFO experiences on Larry King Live. A few days later, on November 12, Symington acted as moderator for a UFO press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Other speakers included U.S. and foreign military witnesses and public officials involved in some major UFO cases, such as the 1980 Rendlesham Forest incident, 1990 Belgium UFO incident, and 1976 Tehran UFO incident, and heads of some official foreign government UFO investigations, such as Nick Pope in the United Kingdom and Claude Poher of France. They said the phenomenon was quite real, should be taken seriously, and urged the U.S. government to reopen its public UFO investigations.[61] Symington also appeared as a witness of the Phoenix Lights in an updated version of the 2002 UFO documentary Out of the Blue by filmmaker James Fox. Prior to the documentary, Fox helped organize the witness panels for both Larry King Live, and the subsequent National Press Club event.[62]

Later life and legacy

In an op-ed published by The Arizona Republic in 2012, Symington took time to reflect on his time as Governor of Arizona, and spoke positively about his experiences, despite the federal government's prosecution that led to his resignation. Symington wrote, "Even as we were charging ahead to reform public policy in the brief time given any governor, I was visited by a ruthless pursuit from the world's most inexhaustible adversary. Let it be recorded that few have fought the federal government and prevailed, but by grace and the love of family and friends, we did."[63] In analyzing his performance as Governor, Symington also stated in the retrospective, "Arizona's government operated comparatively well, without excess partisan rancor and without so many of the Republican peacocks and Democrat bantam roosters we see running around the political barnyard today."[63] He also wrote that he believed Arizona would be "better off" had he been able to further reduce income taxes during his term, if not eliminate them, and also praised Arizona as the home of charter schools, an initiative which began under his tenure.[63]

On February 9, 2017, an exhibit titled "The Surreal Life of Fife Symington" was opened at the Arizona Capitol Museum, with "personal mementoes and a trove of family history items" that were discovered by Symington, in a trunk belonging to his mother, serving as the centerpiece for the display.[64] Political campaign materials, Symington's Bronze Star from his service in the military, a cast bronze relief of Symington's grandfather Henry Clay Frick, and yearbooks were also included.[65] Secretary of State Michele Reagan officiated the opening ceremony. Jack August, an Arizona historian, was one of the organizers of the exhibit, but passed away only a few weeks before its opening.[65]

Personal life

Symington is married to Ann Olin Pritzlaff, an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church. They have five children and four grandchildren.[2]

Electoral history

Republican primary for the 1990 Arizona gubernatorial election
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Fife Symington 163,010 43.78%
Republican Evan Mecham 91,136 24.48%
Republican Fred Koory 61,487 16.51%
Republican Sam Steiger 49,019 13.17%
Republican Bob Barnes 7,672 2.06%
Arizona gubernatorial general election, 1990
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Fife Symington 523,984 49.65%
Democratic Terry Goddard 519,691 49.24%
Write-ins 11,731 1.11%
Arizona gubernatorial runoff election, 1990
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Fife Symington 492,569 52.36%
Democratic Terry Goddard 448,168 47.64%
Republican primary for the 1994 Arizona gubernatorial election
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Fife Symington 202,588 68.14%
Republican Barbara Barrett 94,740 31.86%
Arizona gubernatorial election, 1994
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Fife Symington 593,492 52.54%
Democratic Eddie Basha 500,702 44.33%
Libertarian John Buttrick 35,222 3.12%
Write-ins 191 0.02%

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bodfield, Rhonda (September 3, 1997). "Symington Verdict". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 August, Jack (July 29, 2016). "Symington, uncovered: What we now know about the former Arizona governor". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Martha Frick Symington, 79, Philanthropist". Associated Press. The New York Times. November 29, 1996. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  4. ↑ Hook, John (May 8, 2014). "Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor, His Troubles, and Saving Bill Clinton’s Life". Fox News. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  5. 1 2 Pitzl, Mary Jo (September 3, 2007). "Ex-Governor Pursues New Ventures; Beset by Scandal, Now He Enjoys Life as Entrepreneur". The Arizona Republic. FifeSymington.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  6. 1 2 Padgett, Mike (July 20, 2003). "Destination: Esplanade". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  7. 1 2 Dougherty, John (September 5, 1996). "Official Secrecy Acts". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  8. 1 2 Laake, Deborah (April 19, 1989). "The Mercado". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  9. 1 2 Greene, Terry (October 23, 1991). "A Museum at the Mercado? Ailing Symington Project May Get Boost from City Bond Money". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  10. ↑ Purdum, Todd (September 4, 1997). "Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  11. ↑ Ostrow, Ronald (June 14, 1996). "Indictment Accuses Arizona Governor of Lying, Fraud". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  12. ↑ Fischer, Howard (February 27, 2004). "No money from Symington investment for pension funds". Capitol Media Services. Arizona Daily Sun. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 "AZ Governor - R Primary Race - Sep 11, 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 "Mecham Loses in Arizona, Backs Primary Winner". Associated Press. Los Angeles Times. September 13, 1990. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Arizona Shootout". Time. September 20, 1976.
  16. ↑ Tackett, Michael (May 30, 1998). "Barry Goldwater, '64 Nominee, Dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  17. 1 2 3 Laake, Deborah (October 3, 1990). "A Groovy Kind of Politician". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Laughlin, Laura (February 26, 1991). "Arizona Picks Governor Today in Runoff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious". Google Books. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Germond, Jack (February 22, 1991). "Arizona runoff brings out worst in both candidates On Politics Today". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  21. 1 2 3 Laughlin, Laura (February 28, 1991). "Rich GOP Developer Symington Wins Arizona Governor Runoff". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  22. ↑ "AZ Governor - Requires Run-Off Race - Nov 06, 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  23. ↑ Berman, David (1998). "Arizona Politics & Government: The Quest for Autonomy, Democracy, and Development". Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Arizona Governor". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 7, 1991.
  25. ↑ Grover, Ronald (October 13, 1991). "In Arizona, The Scandals Keep On Coming". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  26. ↑ Nigro, Lloyd (2006). "Civil Service Reform in the States: Personnel Policy and Politics at the Subnational Level". Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Symington timeline". The Arizona Republic. February 20, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Tearful Symington stepping down after conviction". Deseret News. September 4, 1997. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Gambling Accord in Arizona". The New York Times. November 27, 1992. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  30. ↑ "Arizona Bars Casino Games". The New York Times. March 7, 1993. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  31. ↑ Gross, Jane (January 17, 1993). "Arizona Hopes Holiday for King Will Mend Its Image". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  32. 1 2 Ryman, Anne (November 1, 2015). "20 Years of School Choice: How Arizona has evolved". The Arizona Republic. Center for Education Reform. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  33. ↑ Hook, John (May 8, 2014). "Fife Symington Reflects on His Time as Governor". Fox News. FifeSymington.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  34. 1 2 3 Pittman, David (September 9, 1994). "Governor race nears first stage". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  35. ↑ "AZ Governor - R Primary Race - Sep 13, 1994". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Symington wins in GOP romp". Tucson Citizen. November 9, 1994. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Governor Files Bankruptcy Papers". The New York Times. September 21, 1995. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  38. ↑ Smith, Christopher (February 11, 1996). "White House was Ready to Federalize Arizona Guard Constitutional Crisis at the Canyon Canyon Conflict Created a Federal Crisis Canyon". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. A1. "Governor Fife Symington did his best John Wayne, commanding a brigade of state troops to the canyon, leading a charge to rescue tourism."
  39. ↑ "Governor's canyon take over attempt nearly triggers crisis". The Daily Courier. Associated Press. February 12, 1996.
  40. 1 2 Berman, David R. (1998). Arizona politics & government: the quest for autonomy, democracy, and Development. University of Nebraska Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-8032-6146-4.
  41. ↑ "Agency reimburses Arizona's donations to keep park open". Dallas News. Associated Press. February 23, 1996.
  42. ↑ Purdum, Todd S. (September 4, 1997). "Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down". The New York Times.
  43. ↑ Rudin, Ken (January 26, 2001), "I Beg Your Pardon" The Washington Post; accessed January 12, 2017.
  44. 1 2 Janofsky, Michael (April 6, 2003). "From Politics to Pies: Former Arizona Governor Hails New Life". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Former Arizona Gov. Symington gives his take on Clinton email controversy". KTAR. August 17, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  46. 1 2 3 Wilson, Robert. "Arizona Culinary Institute School Catalog" (PDF). Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  47. ↑ Kimble, Mark (February 24, 2005). "‘The Governor’ definitely gets my vote – as dessert". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Symington Elects Not to Run". KPHO. FifeSymington.com. May 5, 2005. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  49. ↑ "Symington Loses Vote in Precinct Hostile to McCain". The Arizona Republic. FifeSymington.com. November 30, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  50. ↑ "On the Beat 4-05-2007". Santa Barbara Independent. April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  51. 1 2 Fischer, Howard (October 8, 2009). "Symington rules out run for governor". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Munger drops out of governor's race". Arizona Capitol Times. June 1, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  53. ↑ "Former Gov. Fife Symington Endorses Doug Ducey for Arizona Governor". Business Wire. March 6, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  54. ↑ "Raft of Republicans back Democratic AG candidate". Associated Press. Arizona Capitol Times. September 23, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Exopolitics: Politics, Government, and Law in the Universe: Caveat Lector: "Former Arizona Governor Now Admits Seeing UFO"". Retrieved April 6, 2007.
  56. ↑ Cooper, Anderson (March 21, 2007). "Anderson Cooper 360° Blog". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Former Arizona Governor Comes Forward About UFO Sighting From 10 Years Ago". Fox News. March 24, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  58. ↑ Kean, Leslie (March 18, 2007). "Symington confirms he saw UFO 10 years ago". Prescott, Arizona: The Daily Courier. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  59. ↑ Shanks, Jon (March 18, 2007). "Former Arizona Gov. Admits UFO Sighting On Night of Phoenix Lights". National Ledger. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  60. ↑ Hammons, Steve (March 18, 2007). "Former Arizona governor says he saw 'Phoenix Lights' UFO". American Chronicle. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  61. ↑ Transcript of November 2007 press conference, theufochronicles.com; accessed October 28, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Out of the Blue: The definitive investigation of the UFO phenomenon, an award winning UFO documentary", outofthebluethemovie.com; accessed September 20, 2016.
  63. 1 2 3 Symington, Fife (September 8, 2012). "Symington looks back". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  64. ↑ "Arizona Capitol Museum to open exhibit on ex-Gov. Fife Symington". Associated Press. The Arizona Republic. February 8, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  65. 1 2 Czerwinski, Jason (February 9, 2017). "New Capitol Museum Exhibit: The Surreal Life of Fife Symington". Arizona State Library. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Political offices
Preceded by
Rose Mofford		 Governor of Arizona
March 6, 1991 – September 5, 1997 		Succeeded by
Jane Dee Hull
Party political offices
Preceded by
Evan Mecham		 Republican nominee for Governor of Arizona
1990, 1994 		Succeeded by
Jane Dee Hull
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