Large for gestational age

Large for gestational age
LGA: A healthy 11-pound (5.0 kg) newborn child, delivered vaginally without complications (41 weeks; fourth child; no gestational diabetes)
Classification and external resources
Specialty	pediatrics
ICD-10	P08
ICD-9-CM	766
DiseasesDB	21929
MedlinePlus	002251
eMedicine	med/3279
MeSH	D005320

Large for gestational age (LGA) is an indication of high prenatal growth rate.

LGA is often defined as a weight, length, or head circumference that lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.^[1] However, it has been suggested that the definition be restricted to infants with birth weights greater than the 97th percentile (2 standard deviations above the mean) as this more accurately describes infants who are at greatest risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality.^[2][3]

Macrosomia, which literally means "long body", is sometimes confused with LGA. Some experts consider a baby to be big when it weighs more than 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g) at birth, and others say a baby is big if it weighs more than 9 pounds 15 ounces (4,500 g).^[4] A baby is also called “large for gestational age” if its weight is greater than the 90th percentile at birth.^[5]

Diagnosis

LGA and macrosomia cannot be diagnosed until after birth, as it is impossible to accurately estimate the size and weight of a child in the womb.^[4] Babies that are large for gestational age throughout the pregnancy may be suspected because of an ultrasound, but fetal weight estimations in pregnancy are quite imprecise.^[4] For non-diabetic women, ultrasounds and care providers are equally inaccurate at predicting whether or not a baby will be big. If an ultrasound or a care provider predicts a big baby, they will be wrong half the time.^[4]

Although big babies are born to only 1 out of 10 women, the 2013 Listening to Mothers Survey found that 1 out of 3 American women were told that their babies were too big.^[6] In the end, the average birth weight of these suspected “big babies” was only 7 pounds 13 ounces (3,500 g).^[7] In the end, care provider concerns about a suspected big baby were the fourth-most common reason for an induction (16% of all inductions), and the fifth-most common reason for a C-section (9% of all C-sections). This treatment is not based on current best evidence.^[4]

Research has consistently shown that, as far as birth complications are concerned, the care provider’s perception that a baby is big is more harmful than an actual big baby by itself. In a 2008 study, researchers compared what happened to women who were suspected of having a big baby to what happened to women who were not suspected of having a big baby—but who ended up having one.^[8] In the end, women who were suspected of having a big baby (and actually had one) had a triple in the induction rate, more than triple the C-section rate, and a quadrupling of the maternal complication rate, compared to women who were not suspected of having a big baby but who had one anyway.

Complications were most often due to C-sections and included bleeding (hemorrhage), wound infection, wound separation, fever, and need for antibiotics. There were no differences in shoulder dystocia between the two groups. In other words, when a care provider “suspected” a big baby (as compared to not knowing the baby was going to be big), this tripled the C-section rates and made mothers more likely to experience complications, without improving the health of babies.^[8]

Predetermining factors

Having one or more parents in the 90th percentile for size is likely to lead to a false positive concern for LGA.

One of the primary risk factors of LGA is poorly-controlled diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes (GD),^[9] as well as preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) (preexisting type 2 is associated more with macrosomia, while preexisting type 1 can be associated with microsomia). This increases maternal plasma glucose levels as well as insulin, stimulating fetal growth. The LGA newborn exposed to maternal DM usually only has an increase in weight. LGA newborns that have complications other than exposure to maternal DM present with universal measurements above the 90th percentile.

Genetics

Genetics plays a role in having a baby born with LGA. Taller, heavier parents tend to have larger babies. Babies born to an obese mother have greatly increased chances of LGA.

Other determining factors

• Gestational age; pregnancies that go beyond 40 weeks increase incidence
• Fetal sex; male infants tend to weigh more than female infants
• Excessive maternal weight gain
• Multiparity (having two to three times the number of LGA infants vs. primaparas)
• Congenital anomalies (transposition of great vessels) – Hydrops fetalis
• Erythroblastosis fetalis – Hydrops fetalis
• Use of some antibiotics (amoxicillin, pivampicillin) during pregnancy – Hydrops fetalis
• Genetic disorders of overgrowth (e.g. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Sotos syndrome)

There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic sac fluid). If one has excessive amniotic fluid, microsomia is more likely, since there is no room for the baby to grow. Preterm labor is also highly likely for polyhydramnios.

Complications

Shoulder dystocia is a common complication of LGA babies. After the baby's head is through the vagina, the doctor or midwife will have to push the baby's anterior shoulder downward to pass through the birth canal and clear the woman's symphous pubis. This can be difficult if the child is LGA, since the birth canal is 10 cm when fully dilated for most women and there may not be much room to move the baby. If this occurs, forceps or a vacuum cap may be used to assist in the final steps of delivery. If this does not resolve the situation, the provider may intentionally snap the baby's clavicle (bone that holds shoulder in place) in order to displace the shoulder and allow the child to be delivered. The bone will be reset after delivery is complete, and mostly every child will make a full recovery from this birth injury.

Although big babies are at higher risk for shoulder dystocia, most cases of shoulder dystocia happen in smaller babies^[10] because there are many more small and normal-size babies being born than big babies. Researchers have found that it is impossible to predict who will have shoulder dystocia and who will not.^[11]

In non-diabetic women, shoulder dystocia happens 0.65% of the time in babies that weigh less than 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g), 6.7% of the time in babies that weigh 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g) to 9 pounds 15 ounces (4,500 g), and 14.5% of the time in babies that weigh more than 9 pounds 15 ounces (4,500 g).^[5]

Big babies are at higher risk of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, independent of whether the mother has diabetes.

References