Glossophobia

Glossophobia or speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking or of speaking in general.[1] The word glossophobia comes from the Greek γλῶσσα glōssa, meaning tongue, and φόβος phobos, fear or dread. Many people have only this fear, while others may also have social phobia or social anxiety disorder.

Stage fright may be a symptom of glossophobia.[1]

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

The more specific symptoms of speech anxiety can be grouped into three categories: physical, verbal, and non-verbal. Physical symptoms result from the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responding to the situation with a "fight-or-flight" reaction.

Since the modus operandi, or method of operating, of the sympathetic system is all-or-nothing, adrenaline secretion produces a wide array of symptoms at once—all of which are supposed to enhance your ability to fight or escape a dangerous scenario. As Garcia-Lopez (2013)[2] has noted, these symptoms include acute hearing, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, increased perspiration, increased oxygen intake, stiffening of neck/upper back muscles, and dry mouth. Uncontrollable shaking is also a common symptom, especially right before presenting. Some of these may be alleviated by drugs such as beta-blockers, which bind to the adrenaline receptors of the heart, for example.

The verbal symptoms include (but are not limited to) a tense voice, a quivering voice, and vocalized pauses (which tend to comfort anxious speakers). One form of speech anxiety is dysfunctional speech anxiety, in which the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents an individual from performing effectively.

Research

Many people report stress-induced speech disorders which are only present during public speech. Some glossophobics have been able to dance, perform in public, or even to speak (such as in a play) or sing if they cannot see the audience, or if they feel that they are presenting a character or stage persona rather than themselves. Being able to blend in a group (as in a choir or band) can also alleviate some anxiety caused by glossophobia.

It has been estimated that 75% of all people experience some degree of anxiety/nervousness when public speaking.[3] In fact, surveys have shown that most people fear public speaking more than they fear death.[4] If untreated, public speaking anxiety (as other mental health problems) can cause serious detrimental effects on people in general, and undergraduate students in particular, as it may prevent them from accomplishing their educational goals. A recent study conducted by Garcia-Lopez, Diez-Bedmar, and Almansa-Moreno (2013) has reported that previously trained students could act as trainers to other students and help them to improve their public speaking skills.[5]

Help and relief

Training courses in public speaking and/or organizations such as Pitch Lab Australian Rostrum, Toastmasters International, POWERtalk International, and Association of Speakers Clubs can help people to reduce their fear of public speaking to manageable levels. Self-help materials that address public speaking are among the best selling self-help topics. To temporarily treat their phobia, some affected people have turned to certain types of drugs, typically beta blockers.[6]

When a speaker gets nervous, their nervous energy results in symptoms such as uncontrollable shaking and sudden heart pounding. It is important that the speaker not attempt to get rid of their nervousness because all the extra energy received from nerves can actually be used to enliven the speech. For example, when repeatedly tapping on the lectern while delivering speech, gestures can be used instead to support the speech.[7]

A speaker's anxiety can be reduced if they know their topic well and believe in it. It has been suggested that people should practice speaking in front of smaller, less intimidating groups when they're getting started in public speaking. Additionally, focusing on friendly, attentive people in the audience has been found to help.

Many suggest that speakers should remember to not take themselves too seriously, and that they should remind themselves if they make a mistake that it is likely the audience won't have noticed. Gaining experience in public speaking often results in it becoming easier for the person. Recent studies suggest that there is a close link between fear of public speaking and self-efficacy and that attempts to help presenters improve their self-efficacy will also reduce this fear.[8][9][10]

Loosening up a "tough crowd" by asking questions promotes audience participation. A speaker may also find this exercise to be helpful when their mind "goes blank", as it gives them time to regain their train of thought.

Causes

The causes of glossophobia may vary. However, the main cause of all phobias, especially common and simple ones, is a development during childhood, adolescence, or even early adulthood. The speaker may have endured a traumatic childhood experience related to the public speaking.

It may also be a hereditary phobia; as the speaker's close relatives may have reacted the same way in front of an audience. A phobia may be a learned behavior through the speaker's immediate environment, making it slightly preventable.[11]

An uncommon cause for glossophobia may come from a medical condition or a health concern. A rather serious brain injury may lead to one of many phobias, including glossophobia.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Fritscher, Lisa. "Glossophobia". About.com. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  2. ↑ Garcia-Lopez, L.J. (2013). Treating...social anxiety disorder. Madrid: Piramide.
  3. ↑ Hamilton, C. (2008) [2005]. Communicating for Results, a Guide for Business and the Professions (eighth edition). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
  4. ↑ Croston, Glenn (November 28, 2012). "The Real Story of Risk". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  5. ↑ Garcia-Lopez, L. J.; Diez-Bedmar, M.B. & Almansa-Moreno, J.M. (2013). "From being a trainee to being a trainer: helping peers improve their public speaking skills". Journal of Psychodidactics. 18 (2): 331–342. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.6419.
  6. ↑ Fadden, Helen (November 2016). "Glossophobia – Everything You Need to Know". health-benefits-of.net.
  7. ↑ Grice, George L. (2015). Mastering Public Speaking 9th Edition. Pearson. p. 29. ISBN 0133753832.
  8. ↑ Hassall, Trevor; Arquero, Jose L.; Joyce, John; Gonzalez, Jose M. (12 July 2013). "Communication apprehension and communication self‐efficacy in accounting students". Asian Review of Accounting. 21 (2): 160–175. doi:10.1108/ARA-03-2013-0017 – via emeraldinsight.com (Atypon).
  9. ↑ Limon E. Kattington, ed. (2010). Handbook of Curriculum Development (PDF). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-61122-882-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2016.
  10. ↑ Ireland, Christopher (March 2016). Student oral presentations: developing the skills and reducing the apprehension. 10th Annual International Technology, Education and Development Conference. Valencia, Spain. doi:10.21125/inted.2016.1317.
  11. ↑ Choices, NHS. "Phobias - Causes - NHS Choices".
  12. ↑ "Phobias". Healthline.

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