Fallstreak hole

Fallstreak hole over Austria, August 2008
Fallstreak hole over Ann Arbor Michigan November 14, 2016.
Satellite image of canals and fallstreak holes over east Texas in January 2007
Fallstreak Hole over Oklahoma City, January 2010

A fallstreak hole (also known as a hole punch cloud, punch hole cloud, skypunch, cloud canal or cloud hole) is a large gap, usually circular or elliptical, that can appear in cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds. Such holes are formed when the water temperature in the clouds is below freezing but the water, in a supercooled state, has not frozen yet due to the lack of ice nucleation. When ice crystals do form, a domino effect is set off due to the Bergeron process, causing the water droplets around the crystals to evaporate: this leaves a large, often circular, hole in the cloud.[1]

It is thought that the introduction of large numbers of tiny ice crystals into the cloud layer sets off this domino effect of fusion which creates the hole. The ice crystals can be formed by passing aircraft which often have a large reduction in pressure behind the wing- or propeller-tips. This cools the air very quickly, and can produce a ribbon of ice crystals trailing in the aircraft's wake. These ice crystals find themselves surrounded by droplets, grow quickly by the Bergeron process, causing the droplets to evaporate and creating a hole with brush-like streaks of ice crystals below it.

The articles by Westbrook and Davies (2010)[2] and Heymsfield et al. (2010) [3] explain the process in more detail, and show some observations of their microphysics and dynamics. Such clouds are not unique to any one geographic area and have been photographed from many places.

Because of their rarity and unusual appearance, fallstreak holes have been mistaken for or attributed to unidentified flying objects.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Cloud Appreciation Society | Fallstreak Holes (February ’06)". www.cloudappreciationsociety.org. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  2. ↑ Westbrook, Chris; Davies, Owain (July 2010). "Observations of a glaciating hole-punch cloud". Weather. 65: 176–180. Bibcode:2010Wthr...65..176W. arXiv:0907.4302 Freely accessible. doi:10.1002/wea.504.
  3. ↑ Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Kennedy, Patrick C.; Massie, Steve; Schmitt, Carl; Wang, Zhien; Haimov, Samuel; Rangno, Art (2010). "Aircraft-Induced Hole Punch and Canal Clouds: Inadvertent Cloud Seeding". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 91: 753–766. Bibcode:2010BAMS...91..753H. doi:10.1175/2009BAMs2905.1.
  4. ↑ 'UFO cloud formation' filmed in Romania


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