Extremely high frequency

Extremely high frequency
Extremely high frequency (ITU)
Frequency range
 30 to 300 GHz
Wavelength range
 1 cm to 1 mm
Related bands
Millimetre band (IEEE)
Frequency range
 110 to 300 GHz
Wavelength range
 2.73 to 1 mm
Related bands
 EHF (IEEE)

Extremely high frequency (EHF) is the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz). It lies between the super high frequency band, and the far infrared band which is also referred to as the terahertz gap. Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimetre, giving it the name millimetre band or millimetre wave, sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmW. Millimetre-length electromagnetic waves were first investigated in the 1890s by Bengali-Indian scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose.

Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high atmospheric attenuation; they are absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, they have a short range and can only be used for terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. Absorption by humidity in the atmosphere is significant except in desert environments, and attenuation by rain (rain fade) is a serious problem even over short distances. However the short propagation range allows smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The short wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam width, further increasing frequency reuse potential.

Atmospheric attenuation in dB/km as a function of frequency over the EHF band. Peaks in absorption at specific frequencies are a problem, due to atmosphere constituents such as water vapour (H2O) and molecular oxygen (O2). The vertical scale is exponential.

Propagation

Millimeter waves propagate solely by line-of-sight paths, they are not reflected by the ionosphere nor do they travel along the Earth as ground waves as lower frequency radio waves do.[1] At typical power densities they are blocked by building walls and suffer significant attenuation passing through foliage.[2][3][1] Absorption by atmospheric gases is a significant factor throughout the band and increases with frequency. However it is maximum at a few specific absorption lines, mainly those of oxygen at 60 GHz and water vapor at 24 GHz and 184 GHz.[2] At frequencies in the "windows" between these absorption peaks, millimeter waves have much less atmospheric attenuation and greater range, so many applications use these frequencies. Millimeter wavelengths are the same order of size as raindrops, so precipitation causes additional attenuation due to scattering (rain fade) as well as absorption.[2][3] The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limits useful propagation to a few kilometers.[1] Thus, they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse.[1]

Millimeter waves show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces and dielectric lenses around 5 to 30 cm (2 inches to 1 foot) diameter. Because their wavelengths are often much smaller than the equipment that manipulates them, the techniques of geometric optics can be used. Diffraction is less than at higher frequencies, although they can be diffracted by building edges. At millimeter wavelengths, surfaces appear rougher so diffuse reflection increases.[1] Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading.[3][4] Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds.[1] In portable devices, shadowing due to the human body is a problem. Since the waves penetrate clothing and their small wavelength allows them to reflect from small metal objects they are used in millimeter wave scanners for airport security scanning.

Applications

Scientific research

Part of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) a millimeter wave radio telescope being built in Chile

This band is commonly used in radio astronomy and remote sensing. Ground-based radio astronomy is limited to high altitude sites such as Kitt Peak and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) due to atmospheric absorption issues.

Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The ITU non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at 57-59.3 GHz is used for atmospheric monitoring in meteorological and climate sensing applications, and is important for these purposes due to the properties of oxygen absorption and emission in Earth's atmosphere. Currently operational U.S. satellite sensors such as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on one NASA satellite (Aqua) and four NOAA (15-18) satellites and the special sensor microwave/imager (SSMI/S) on Department of Defense satellite F-16 make use of this frequency range.[5]

Telecommunications

In the United States, the band 36.0 – 40.0 GHz is used for licensed high-speed microwave data links, and the 60 GHz band can be used for unlicensed short range (1.7 km) data links with data throughputs up to 2.5 Gbit/s. It is used commonly in flat terrain.

The 71-76, 81-86 and 92–95 GHz bands are also used for point-to-point high-bandwidth communication links. These higher frequencies do not suffer from oxygen absorption, but require a transmitting license in the US from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). There are plans for 10 Gbit/s links using these frequencies as well. In the case of the 92–95 GHz band, a small 100 MHz range has been reserved for space-borne radios, limiting this reserved range to a transmission rate of under a few gigabits per second.[6]

CableFree MMW link installed in the UAE installed for Safe City applications, providing 1Gbit/s capacity between sites. The links are fast to deploy, flexible and lower cost than fibre optics

The band is essentially undeveloped and available for use in a broad range of new products and services, including high-speed, point-to-point wireless local area networks and broadband Internet access. WirelessHD is another recent technology that operates near the 60 GHz range. Highly directional, "pencil-beam" signal characteristics permit different systems to operate close to one another without causing interference. Potential applications include radar systems with very high resolution.

The Wi-Fi standard IEEE 802.11ad operates in the 60 GHz (V band) spectrum to achieve data transfer rates as high as 7 Gbit/s.

Uses of the millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications, intersatellite links, and point-to-multipoint communications. There are tentative plans to use millimeter waves in future 5G mobile phones.[7]

Shorter wavelengths in this band permit the use of smaller antennas to achieve the same high directivity and high gain as larger ones in lower bands. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient use of frequencies for point-to-multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area, the net result is greater frequency reuse, and higher density of users. The high usable channel capacity in this band might allow it to serve some applications that would otherwise use fiber-optic communication.

Weapons systems

Millimeter wave fire control radar for CIWS gun on Russian aircraft carrier Minsk

Millimeter wave radar is used in short-range fire-control radar in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns (CIWS) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together.

With Raytheon the U.S. Air Force has developed a nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial System (ADS) which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm.[8] The weapon is reportedly not dangerous and causes no physical harm, but is extremely painful and causes the target to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire.

Security screening

Clothing and other organic materials are transparent to millimeter waves of certain frequencies, so a recent application has been scanners to detect weapons and other dangerous objects carried under clothing, for applications such as airport security.[9] Privacy advocates are concerned about the use of this technology because, in some cases, it allows screeners to see airport passengers as if without clothing.

The TSA has deployed a $170,000 machine, in February 2009, for use in Tulsa International Airport according to USA Today. Machines will follow in Las Vegas, San Francisco, Albuquerque and Salt Lake City by May 2009.[10] Similar units have been deployed in Baltimore (BWI) and Raleigh (RDU) for some time. These machines were deployed in the Jersey City PATH train system for two weeks in 2006.[11]

Prior to a software upgrade the technology did not mask any part of the bodies of the people who were being scanned. However, passengers' faces were deliberately masked by the system. The photos were screened by technicians in a closed room, then deleted immediately upon search completion. Privacy advocates are concerned. "We're getting closer and closer to a required strip-search to board an airplane," said Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union.[10] To address this issue, upgrades have eliminated the need for an officer in a separate viewing area. The new software generates a generic image of a human. There is no anatomical differentiation between male and female on the image, and if an object is detected, the software only presents a yellow box in the area. If the device does not detect anything of interest, no image is presented.[12] Passengers can decline scanning and be screened via a metal detector and patted down.

Three security scanners using millimeter waves were put into use at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam on 15 May 2007, with more expected to be installed later. The passenger's head is masked from the view of the security personnel.

According to Farran Technologies, a manufacturer of one model of the millimeter wave scanner, the technology exists to extend the search area to as far as 50 meters beyond the scanning area which would allow security workers to scan a large number of people without their awareness that they are being scanned.[13]

Thickness gauging

Recent studies at the University of Leuven have proven that millimeter waves can also be used as a non-nuclear thickness gauge in various industries. Millimeter waves provide a clean and contact free way of detecting variations in thickness. Practical applications for the technology focus on plastics extrusion, paper manufacturing, glass production and mineral wool production.

Medicine

Most widely used in former USSR nations,[14][15] low intensity (usually 10 mW/cm2 or less) electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (especially in the range 40 – 70 GHz, which corresponds to wavelength of 7.5 – 4.3 mm) is used in human medicine for the treatment of many types of diseases.[15][16] This type of therapy is called millimeter wave (MMW) therapy or extremely high frequency (EHF) therapy. More than 10 000 devices are used for millimeter wave therapy worldwide[17] and more than a million people have been treated with millimeter wave therapy during its documented history.[17] Established in 1992, the Russian Journal Millimeter waves in biology and medicine is dedicated to the scientific basis and clinical applications of millimeter wave therapy.[18] More than 50 issues of it have been published.

Police speed radar

Traffic police use speed-detecting radar guns in the Ka-band (33.4 – 36.0 GHz).[19]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Huang, Kao-Cheng; Zhaocheng Wang (2011). Millimeter Wave Communication Systems. John Wiley & Sons. pp. Sections 1.1.1–1.2. ISBN 1-118-10275-4.
  2. 1 2 3 "Millimeter Wave Propagation: Spectrum Management Implications" (PDF). Office of Engineering and Technology, Bulletin No. 70. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), US Dept. of Commerce. July 1997. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 du Preez, Jaco; Sinha, Saurabh (2016). Millimeter-Wave Antennas: Configurations and Applications. Springer. pp. 13–14. ISBN 3319350684.
  4. ↑ Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58. ISBN 0471743682.
  5. ↑ FCC.gov, Comments of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, FCC RM-11104, 10/17/07
  6. ↑ Rfdesign.com, Multigigabit wireless technology at 70 GHz, 80 GHz and 90 GHz, RF Design, May 2006
  7. ↑ Rappaport, T.S.; Sun, Shu; Mayzus, R.; Zhao, Hang; Azar, Y.; Wang, K.; Wong, G.N.; Schulz, J.K.; Samimi, M. (2013-01-01). "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!". IEEE Access. 1: 335–349. ISSN 2169-3536. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813.
  8. ↑ "Slideshow: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon". Wired. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  9. ↑ Newscientisttech.com Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. 1 2 Frank, Thomas (18 February 2009). "Body scanners replace metal detectors in tryout at Tulsa airport.". USA Today. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  11. ↑ "Mirror for Star Ledger Article "PATH riders to face anti-terror screening -- Program will begin at station in Jersey City". 2006-07-12. p. 014.
  12. ↑ "Statement of Robert Kane to House of Representatives" (PDF). 2011-11-03. p. 2.
  13. ↑ Bat inspires space tech for airport security / Ireland / ESA in your country / ESA
  14. ↑ M. Rojavin and M. Ziskin, Medical application of millimetre waves, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, vol. 91, no. 1, p. 57, 1998, Qjmed.oxfordjournals.org
  15. 1 2 Pakhomov, A. G., Murphy, P. R., Low-intensity millimeter waves as a novel therapeutic modality, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2000, vol. 28, no. 1, doi:10.1109/27.842821
  16. ↑ Betskii, O. V. , Devyatkov, N. D., Kislov, V., Low Intensity Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2000, vol. 28 no. 1&2, p. 247-268 Begellhouse.com
  17. 1 2 Betskii, O. V., Kotrovskaya T. I., Lebedeva, N. N., Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine, III Всероссийская конференция «Радиолокация и радиосвязь» – ИРЭ РАН, 26-30 октября 2009, JRE.cplire.ru
  18. ↑ Benran.ru Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ http://copradar.com/preview/chapt7/ch7d1.html
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