Extraordinary optical transmission

Interference pattern of double slits, where the slit width is one third the wavelength.

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is the phenomenon of greatly enhanced transmission of light through a subwavelength aperture in an otherwise opaque metallic film which has been patterned with a regularly repeating periodic structure. Generally when light of a certain wavelength falls on a subwavelength aperture, it is diffracted isotropically in all directions evenly, with minimal far-field transmission. This is the understanding from classical aperture theory as described by Bethe.[1] In EOT however, the regularly repeating structure enables much higher transmission efficiency to occur, up to several orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by classical aperture theory. It was first described in 1998.[2][3]

This phenomenon that was fully analyzed with a microscopic scattering model is partly attributed to the presence of surface plasmon resonances[4] and constructive interference. A surface plasmon (SP) is a collective excitation of the electrons at the junction between a conductor and an insulator and is one of a series of interactions between light and a metal surface called Plasmonics.

Currently, there is experimental evidence of EOT out of the optical range.[5] Analytical approaches also predict EOT on perforated plates with a perfect conductor model.[6][7][8] Holes can somewhat emulate plasmons at other regions of the Electromagnetic spectrum where they do not exist.[9][10][11] Then, the plasmonic contribution is a very particular peculiarity of the EOT resonance and should not be taken as the main contribution to the phenomenon. More recent work has shown a strong contribution from overlapping evanescent wave coupling,[12] which explains why surface plasmon resonance enhances the EOT effect on both sides of a metallic film at optical frequencies, but accounts for the terahertz-range transmission.

Simple analytical explanations of this phenomenon have been elaborated, emphasizing the similarity between arrays of particles and arrays of holes, and establishing that the phenomenon is dominated by diffraction.[13][14][15]

Applications

EOT is expected to play an important role in the creation of components of 'photonic' circuits. (Photonic circuits are analogous to electronic circuits.)

One of the most ground-breaking results linked to EOT is the possibility to implement a Left-Handed Metamaterial (LHM) by simply stacking hole arrays.[16]

EOT-based chemical sensing is another major area of research.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Much like in a traditional surface plasmon resonance sensor, the EOT efficiency varies with the wavelength of the incident light, and the value of the in-plane wavevector component. This can be exploited as a means of transducing chemical binding events by measuring a change in the local dielectric constant (due to binding of the target species) as a shift in the spectral location of the EOT peak. EOT offers one key advantage over a Kretschmann-style SPR chemical sensor, that of being an inherently nanometer-micrometer scale device; it is therefore particularly amenable to miniaturization.

References

  1. ↑ Bethe, H. (1944). "Theory of Diffraction by Small Holes". Physical Review. 66 (7–8): 163–182. Bibcode:1944PhRv...66..163B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.66.163.
  2. ↑ T. W. Ebbesen; H. J. Lezec; H. F. Ghaemi; T. Thio; P. A. Wolff (1998). "Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays" (PDF). Nature. 391: 667–669. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..667E. doi:10.1038/35570.
  3. ↑ Ebbesen, T. W.; Ghaemi, H. F.; Thio, Tineke; Grupp, D. E.; Lezec, H. J (March 1998). "Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Sub-wavelength Hole Arrays". Abstract from a talk at the 1998 American Physical Society's Annual March Meeting: S15.11. Bibcode:1998APS..MAR.S1511E.
  4. ↑ H. Liu; P. Lalanne (2008). "Microscopic theory of the extraordinary optical transmission". Nature. 452: 728–731.
  5. ↑ M. Beruete; M. Sorolla; I. Campillo; J.S. Dolado; L. Martín-Moreno; J. Bravo-Abad; F. J. García-Vidal (2005). "Enhanced Millimeter Wave Transmission Through Quasioptical Subwavelength Perforated Plates". IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation. 53 (6): 1897–1903. Bibcode:2005ITAP...53.1897B. doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.848689.
  6. ↑ C.C. Chen (1970). "Transmission through a Conducting Screen Perforated Periodically with Apertures". IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory and Tech. 18 (9): 627–632. Bibcode:1970ITMTT..18..627C. doi:10.1109/TMTT.1970.1127298.
  7. ↑ L. Martín-Moreno; F. J. García-Vidal; H. J. Lezec; K. M. Pellerin; T. Thio; J. B. Pendry; T.W. Ebbesen (2001). "Theory of Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Subwavelength Hole Arrays". Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (6): 1114–1117. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.1114M. PMID 11178023. arXiv:cond-mat/0008204 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1114.
  8. ↑ F. J. Garcia de Abajo, R. Gomez-Medina, and J. J. Saenz (2005). "Full transmission through perfect-conductor subwavelength hole arrays". Phys. Rev. E. 72 (1 Pt 2): 016608. Bibcode:2005PhRvE..72a6608G. PMID 16090108. arXiv:0708.0991 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.016608.
  9. ↑ R. Ulrich; M. Tacke (1972). "Submillimeter waveguiding on periodic metal structure". Appl. Phys. Lett. 22 (5): 251–253. Bibcode:1973ApPhL..22..251U. doi:10.1063/1.1654628.
  10. ↑ J. B. Pendry; L. Martín-Moreno; F. J. García-Vidal (2004). "Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces". Science. 305 (5685): 847–848. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..847P. PMID 15247438. doi:10.1126/science.1098999.
  11. ↑ F. J. Garcia de Abajo and J. J. Saenz (2005). "Electromagnetic surface modes in structured perfect-conductor surfaces". Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (23): 233901. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95w3901G. PMID 16384307. arXiv:cond-mat/0506087 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.233901.
  12. ↑ Z. Y. Fan; L. Zhan; X. Hu; Y. X. Xia (2008). "Critical process of extraordinary optical transmission through periodic subwavelength hole array: Hole-assisted evanescent-field coupling". Optics Communications. 281 (21): 5467–5471. Bibcode:2008OptCo.281.5467F. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2008.07.077.
  13. ↑ F. J. García de Abajo (2007). "Light scattering by particle and hole arrays". Reviews of Modern Physics. 79 (4): 1267–1290. Bibcode:2007RvMP...79.1267G. arXiv:0903.1671 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.79.1267.
  14. ↑ B. Ung; Y. Sheng (2008). "Optical surface waves over metallo-dielectric nanostructures: Sommerfeld integrals revisited". Optics Express. 16 (12): 9073–9086. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.9073U. PMID 18545619. arXiv:0803.1696 Freely accessible. doi:10.1364/OE.16.009073.
  15. ↑ M. W. Maqsood; R. Mehfuz; K. J. Chau (2010). "High-throughput diffraction-assisted surface-plasmon-polariton coupling by a super-wavelength slit". Optics Express. 18 (21): 21669–21677. Bibcode:2011OExpr..1910429C. doi:10.1364/OE.19.010429.
  16. ↑ M. Beruete; M. Sorolla; I. Campillo (2006). "Left-Handed Extraordinary Optical Transmission through a Photonic Crystal of Subwavelength Hole Arrays". Optics Express. 14 (12): 5445–5455. Bibcode:2006OExpr..14.5445B. PMID 19516710. doi:10.1364/OE.14.005445.
  17. ↑ A. De Leebeeck; L. K. S. Kumar; V. de Lange; D. Sinton; R. Gordon; A. G. Brolo (2007). "On-chip surface-based detection with nanohole arrays". Anal Chem. 79 (11): 4094–4100. PMID 17447728. doi:10.1021/ac070001a.
  18. ↑ A. G. Brolo; R. Gordon; K. L. Kavanagh (2008). "A new generation of sensors based on extraordinary light transmission". Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (8): 1049–1057. PMID 18605739. doi:10.1021/ar800074d.
  19. ↑ N. H. Mack; J. W. Wackerly; V. Malyarchuk; J. A. Rogers; J. S. Moore; R. G. Nuzzo (2007). "Optical transduction of chemical forces". Nano Lett. 7 (3): 733–737. Bibcode:2007NanoL...7..733M. PMID 17309317. doi:10.1021/nl0629759.
  20. ↑ J. M. Yao; M. E. Stewart; J. Maria; T. W. Lee; S. K. Gray; J. A. Rogers; R. G. Nuzzo (2008). "Seeing molecules by eye: Surface plasmon resonance imaging at visible wavelengths with high spatial resolution and submonolayer sensitivity". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (27): 5013–5017. PMID 18512212. doi:10.1002/anie.200800501.
  21. ↑ P. R. H. Stark; A. E. Halleck; D. N. Larson (2005). "Short order nanohole arrays in metals for highly sensitive probing of local indices of refraction as the basis for a highly multiplexed biosensor technology". Methods. 37 (1): 37–47. PMID 16199175. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.05.006.
  22. ↑ J. C. Yang; J. Ji; J. M. Hogle; D. N. Larson (2009). "Multiplexed plasmonic sensing based on small-dimension nanohole arrays and intensity interrogation". Biosens Bioelectron. 24 (8): 2334–8. PMC 2716172 Freely accessible. PMID 19157848. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2008.12.011.
  23. ↑ J. Ji; J. G. O'Connell; D. J. D. Carter; D. N. Larson (2008). "High-throughput nanohole array based system to monitor multiple binding events in real time". Anal Chem. 80 (7): 2491–2498. PMID 18307360. doi:10.1021/ac7023206.
  24. ↑ J. C. Yang; J. Ji; J. M. Hogle; D. N. Larson (2008). "Metallic nanohole arrays on fluoropolymer substrates as small label-free real-time bioorobes". Nano Lett. 8 (9): 2718–2724. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8.2718Y. PMC 2662724 Freely accessible. PMID 18710296. doi:10.1021/nl801043t.
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