Extensor tendon compartments of the wrist
| Extensor tendon compartments of the wrist | |
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.PNG) Drawing of the back of the wrist showing the extensor compartments | |
Extensor tendon compartments of the wrist are anatomical tunnels on the back of the wrist that contain tendons of muscles that extend (as opposed to flex) the wrist and the digits (fingers and thumb).
The extensor tendons are held in place by the extensor retinaculum. As the tendons travel over the posterior (back) aspect of the wrist they are enclosed within synovial tendon sheaths. These sheaths reduce the friction to the extensor tendons as they traverse the compartments that are formed by the attachments of the extensor retinaculum to the distal (far end) of the radius and ulna.
The compartments are numbered with each compartment containing specific extensor tendons.[1]
Structure
- Compartment 1
- Conducts the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis tendons. These tendons form the lateral (thumb side) border of the anatomical snuff box.
- Compartment 2
- Conducts the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle tendons.
- Compartment 3
- Conducts the extensor pollicis longus tendon that acts to extend the thumb. It forms the medial (little finger) side of the border of the anatomical snuff box.
- Compartment 4
- Conducts the extensor digitorum and extensor indicis tendons to the four fingers.
- Compartment 5
- The extensor digiti minimi tendon travels through this compartment to the little finger.
- Compartment 6
- Conducts the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. This muscle both extends and adducts (hand flexes toward little finger side) the hand.
Clinical significance
Any of the dorsal compartments of the wrist can develop tenosynovial inflammation.[2] The first compartment is the most frequently affected site, called De Quervain's disease (syndrome or tenosynovitis). The other two most commonly injured are the sixth (extensor carpi ulnaris) and second (intersection syndrome) compartments.
The first compartment is the site where entrapment tendinitis, better known as De Quervain's disease, occurs. Repetitive trauma is believed to cause thickening of the tendons, which lead to movement restriction of the tendons through the compartment. Any movement of the thumb and wrist causes the patient pain, inflammation and swelling.
Intersection syndrome can be caused by direct trauma to the second extensor compartment. It is however commonly brought on by activities that require repetitive wrist flexion and extension. Weightlifters, rowers, and other athletes are particularly prone to this condition. The patient presents with pain over dorsal aspect of the forearm and wrist.
The tendon of 6th compartment (extensor carpi ulnaris) can suffer recurrent dislocation due to a tear of the ulnar side of the compartment. Those that engage in racket sports and golf seem to be at the highest risk for this condition.
Additional images
Cross-sectional drawing showing the locations of the extensor tendon compartments
Lateral view of a dissection showing the first four compartments, the extensor retinaculum and the anatomical snuff box (Suarez, C.A. and Vilensky, J., All-in-One Anatomy Exam Review. Vol. 1 Back and Upper Limb)
References
- ↑ Netter, Frank (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy (sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. ISBN 978-1455704187.
- ↑ Clavero, JA, Golana P, Frainas O, Alomar X, Monill JM, E (2003). "Extensor Mechanism of the Fingers: MR Imaging-Anatomic Correlation". Radiographics. 23. pp. 593–611. doi:10.1148/rg.233025079.