Expo '70

EXPO Osaka 1970

Kiyonari Kikutake's Landmark Tower, Osaka Expo, 1970
Overview
BIE-class Universal exposition
Category First category General Exposition
Name Expo 70
Motto Progress and Harmony for Mankind
Building Symbol Zone's space frame
Area 330 hectares (820 acres)
Visitors 64.218.770
Participant(s)
Countries 78 along with 4 international organizations
Location
Country Japan
City Osaka
Venue Suita
Coordinates 34°48′31″N 135°32′6.8″E / 34.80861°N 135.535222°E / 34.80861; 135.535222
Timeline
Awarded May 11, 1966 (1966-05-11)
Opening March 15, 1970 (1970-03-15)
Closure September 13, 1970 (1970-09-13)
Universal expositions
Previous Expo 67 in Montreal
Next Seville Expo '92 in Seville
Specialized Expositions
Previous HemisFair '68 in San Antonio
Next Expo 71 in Budapest
Horticultural expositions
Previous Paris 1969 in Paris
Next Floriade (Netherlands) 1972 in Amsterdam
Space frame roof of the Festival Plaza, Osaka Expo, 1970

Expo '70 (日本万国博覧会, Nihon Bankoku Hakuran-kai) was a world's fair held in Suita, Osaka, Japan, between March 15 and September 13, 1970. The theme of the Expo was "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." In Japanese, Expo '70 is often referred to as Osaka Banpaku (大阪万博, Ōsaka Banpaku). This was the first world's fair held in Japan.

The master plan for the Expo was designed by the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange helped by 12 other Japanese architects who designed elements within it. Bridging the site along a north/south axis was the Symbol Zone. Planned on three levels it was primarily a social space which had a unifying space frame roof.

Background

Osaka Expo'70 Kodak & Ricoh Pavilion

Osaka was chosen as the site for the 1970 World Exposition by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) in 1965. 330 hectares in the Senri Hills outside Osaka had been earmarked for the site and a Theme Committee under the chairmanship of Seiji Kaya was formed. Kenzo Tange and Uzo Nishiyama were appointed to produce the master plan for the Expo. The main theme would be Progress and Harmony for Mankind. Tange invited 12 other architects to elucidate designs for elements within the master plan. These architects included: Arata Isozaki for the Festival Plaza mechanical, electrical and electronic installations; and Kiyonori Kikutake for the Landmark Tower.[1]

Master plan

Two main principles informed the idea of the master plan. The first was the idea that the wisdom of all the peoples of the world would come together in this place and stimulate ideas; the second was that it would be less of an exposition and more of a festival. The designers thought that unlike previous expositions they wished to produce a central, unifying, Festival Plaza where people could meet and socialise. They called this the Symbol Zone and covered it and the themed pavilions with a giant space frame roof.[2]

The designers liked the idea that like the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, the roof of the Symbol Zone could be a unifying entity for the expo. They did not want the constraint imposed by the London Exhibition of having everything contained under one roof, so the space frame contained only the Festival Plaza and themed pavilions. Tange compared the concept to a tree. The idea was that although the national pavilions were like individual flowers they needed to be connected to the whole via branches and a trunk. Thus the Symbol Zone became the trunk and the moving pedestrian walkways and sub-plazas became the branches. These elements were reinforced with colour, with the trunk and branches in plain white and the pavilions in their own colours that were determined by the national architects.[3]

The Symbol Zone ran north/south across the site, spanning an arterial road running east/west. The Festival Plaza was to the north of road and had the main gate on its southern end. To the north of the main gate and central to the Festival Plaza was the Tower of the Sun from which visitors could join pedestrian walkways that travelled out towards the north, south, east and west gates.[4]

The Theme Space under the space frame was divided into three levels, each designed by the artist Tarō Okamoto, The underground level represented the past and was a symbol of the source of humanity. The surface level represented the present, symbolising the dynamism of human interaction. The space frame represented the future and a world where humanity and technology would be joined. Tange envisioned that the exhibition for the future would be like an aerial city and he asked Fumihiko Maki, Noboru Kawazoe, Koji Kamiya and Noriaki Kurokawa to design it. The Theme Space was also punctuated by three towers: the Tower of the Sun, the Tower of Maternity and the Tower of Youth.[5]

To the north of the Theme Space was the Festival Plaza. This was a flexible space that contained a flat area and stepped terrace. The plaza could be rearranged to provide for different requirements for seating capacity, from 1500 to 10000. The flexibility extended to the lighting and audio visual equipment allowing for a range of musical performances and electronic presentations.[6] Festival Plaza was covered by the world's first large-scale, transparent membrane roof. It was designed by Tange and structural engineer Yoshikatsu Tsuboi + Kawaguchi & Engineers. Measuring 75.6 m in width and 108 m in length, it was 30 m high and supported by only six lattice columns.[7]

Seventy-seven countries participated in the event, and within six months the number of visitors reached 64,218,770, making Expo '70 one of the largest and best attended expositions in history. It held the record for most visitors at an Expo until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Expo in 2010.

Major pavilions

Canadian Pavilion
The Korean (left-center, in the distance) and West German (foreground) Pavilions (far background: Tower of the Sun)

Other attractions

A popular highlight of the fair was a large moon rock on display in the United States' pavilion. It had been brought back from the moon by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969.

Expo '70 also saw the premiere of the first-ever IMAX film: the Canadian-produced Tiger Child for the Fuji Group pavilion.

The Expo also featured demonstrations of early mobile phones, local area networking and maglev train technology.

Today

The site of Expo '70 is now Expo Commemoration Park. Almost all pavilions have been demolished, but a few memorials remain, including part of the roof for Festival Plaza designed by Tange. The most famous of the still-intact pieces is Okamoto's Tower of the Sun. The former international art museum pavilion designed by Kiyoshi Kawasaki was used as the building for the National Museum of Art, Osaka until March 2004 (the museum moved to downtown Osaka in November 2004).

Additionally, there is a time capsule that is to be left for 5,000 years and opened in the year 6970. The capsule was donated by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. The concept creating time capsules at world's fairs started with the two Westinghouse Time Capsules, which are to be opened in 6939.

See also

Footnotes

  1. Kultermann (1970), p 282
  2. Kultermann (1970), p 284
  3. Kultermann (1970), p 286
  4. Kultermann (1970), p 288
  5. Kultermann (1970), p 289
  6. Kultermann (1970), p 289-293
  7. "The Expo'70 Space Frame for the Festival Plaza (1970)". Kawaguchi & Engineers. Archived from the original on 2011-04-25.
  8. "Canada the Land". Documentary film. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  9. Pindal, Kaj. "The City". Animated short. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  10. Weldon, Carolyne. "The NFB and World Fairs, pt. 2: Osaka and Expo 70". NFB.ca Blog. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  11. Curran, Peggy (19 September 2012). "Melvin Charney: A towering figure in Montreal architecture". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  12. Föllmer [n.d.]; Föllmer (1996); Kurtz (1992), p 166.
  13. Kurtz (1992), p 178; Wörner (1973), p 256.
  14. Föllmer [n.d.].
  15. Kurtz (1992), p 179.
  16. "Expo 70 Soviet Pavilion". Architectuul. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  17. http://schatkamer.nai.nl/en/projects/nederlands-paviljoen-wereldtentoonstelling-osaka

References

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