Excess risk

In statistics, excess risk is a measure of the relationship between a specified risk factor and a specified outcome (such as contracting a disease). It is the difference between two proportions. In epidemiology it is typically defined to be the difference between the proportion of subjects in a population with a particular disease who were exposed to a specified risk factor and the proportion of subjects with that same disease who were not exposed. That is,

ER=P(D\mid E)-P(D\mid {\bar {E}})

where ${\bar {E}}$ denotes the event "not $E$ ". . Note that this definition entails that $-1\leq ER\leq 1$ .

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Excess risk

Clinical research and experimental design
Overview	Clinical trial Trial protocols Adaptive clinical trial Academic clinical trials Clinical study design
Controlled study (EBM I to II-1; A to B)	Randomized controlled trial Scientific experiment Blind experiment Open-label trial
Observational study (EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C)	Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study Cohort study Retrospective Prospective Case-control study (Nested case-control study) Case series Case study Case report
Epidemiology/ methods	occurrence: Incidence (Cumulative incidence) Prevalence Point Period association: absolute (Absolute risk reduction, Attributable risk, Attributable risk percent) relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio) other: Clinical endpoint Virulence Infectivity Mortality rate Morbidity Case fatality rate Specificity and sensitivity Likelihood-ratios Pre/post-test probability
Trial/test types	In vitro In vivo Animal testing Animal testing on non-human primates First-in-man study Multicenter trial Seeding trial Vaccine trial
Analysis of clinical trials	Risk–benefit ratio Systematic review Replication Meta-analysis Intention-to-treat analysis
Interpretation of results	Selection bias Survivorship bias Correlation does not imply causation Null result
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