European conger

European conger
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Anguilliformes
Family: Congridae
Genus: Conger
Species: C. conger
Binomial name
Conger conger
(Linnaeus, 1758)
The Range of the European conger
Synonyms
  • Anguilla conger (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Anguilla obtusa Swainson, 1839
  • Conger communis Costa, 1844
  • Conger niger (Risso, 1810)
  • Conger rubescens Ranzani, 1840
  • Conger verus Risso, 1827
  • Conger vulgaris Yarrell, 1832
  • Leptocephalus candidissimus Costa, 1832
  • Leptocephalus conger (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Leptocephalus gussoni Cocco, 1829
  • Leptocephalus inaequalis Facciolà, 1883
  • Leptocephalus lineatus Bonnaterre, 1788
  • Leptocephalus morrisii Gmelin, 1789
  • Leptocephalus pellucidus (Couch, 1832)
  • Leptocephalus spallanzani Risso, 1810
  • Leptocephalus stenops Kaup, 1856
  • Leptocephalus vitreus Kölliker, 1853
  • Muraena conger Linnaeus, 1758
  • Muraena nigra Risso, 1810
  • Ophidium pellucidum Couch, 1832
  • Ophisoma obtusa (Swainson, 1839)

The European conger (Conger conger) is a species of conger of the family Congridae. It is the largest eel in the world and native to the northeast Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea.

Description and behavior

European congers have an average adult length of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), a maximum known length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and maximum weight of roughly 110 kg (240 lb),[2] making them the largest eels in the world by weight, they can be rivaled or marginally exceeded in length by the largest species of moray eel but these tend to be more slender and thus weigh less than the larger congers.[3] Average specimens caught will weigh only 2.5 to 25 kg (5.5 to 55.1 lb).[4][5] Females, with an average length at sexual maturity of 2 m (6 ft 7 in), are much larger than males, with an average length at sexual maturity of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in).[6]

The body is very long, anguilliform, without scales. The colour is usually grey, but can also be blackish. The belly is white. A row of small white spots is aligned along the lateral line. The head is almost conical, and slightly depressed. The snout is rounded and prominent, with lateral olfactory holes. The large gill openings are in the lateral position. The conical teeth are arranged in rows on the jaws. The dorsal and anal fins are confluent with caudal fin. Pectoral fins are present, while ventral fins are absent.

Conger conger and a moray eel in one hole, at the Protected Marine Area of Portofino

Conger eels have habits similar to moray eels. They usually live amongst rocks in holes, or "eel pits", sometimes in one hole together with moray eels. They come out from their holes at night to hunt. These nocturnal predators mainly feed on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, although they are thought to scavenge on dead and rotting fish, as well as actively hunt live fish.[7]

Distribution

This species can be found in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland to Senegal, and also in the Mediterranean and Black Sea[8] at 0–500 m of deep, although they may reach depths of 3600 m during their migrations.[9] It is sometimes seen in very shallow water by the shore, but can also go down to 1,170 m (3,840 ft). It is usually present on rough, rocky, broken ground, close to the coast when young, moving to deeper waters when adult.

Migration and reproduction

When conger eels are between 5 and 15 years old, their bodies undergo a transformation, with the reproductive organs of both males and females increasing in size and the skeleton reducing in mass and the teeth falling out.[10] Conger eels then stop feeding and leave European waters and make the long migration to the subtropical areas of the Atlantic, such as the Sargasso Sea.[7] Once in this area, they spawn, with the female producing 3 to 8 million eggs. Once hatched, the larval conger eels begin to swim back to European waters, where they live until they reach maturity and then begin to migrate to repeat the cycle.[11]

References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (2013). "Conger conger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "Conger conger". EOL Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  3. ↑ LOH, K., Hussein, M. A. S., Chong, V. C., & Sasekumar, A. (2015). Notes on the Moray Eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) of Malaysia with Two New Records. Sains Malaysiana, 44(1), 41-47.
  4. ↑ Charton, B., & Tietjen, J. (2009). The Facts on File dictionary of marine science. Infobase Publishing.
  5. ↑ Shapley, R., & Gordon, J. (1980). The visual sensitivity of the retina of the conger eel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 209(1175), 317-330.
  6. ↑ Matić-Skoko, S., Ferri, J., Tutman, P., Skaramuca, D., Đikić, D., Lisičić, D., ... & Skaramuca, B. (2012). The age, growth and feeding habits of the European conger eel, Conger conger (L.) in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Biology Research, 8(10), 1012-1018.
  7. 1 2 "Conger Eel". BritishSeaFishing.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  8. ↑ "Conger conger". WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  9. ↑ "Conger Eel". UK-Fish.info. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  10. ↑ "Article - Conger Eel". Galway Atlantaquaria. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  11. ↑ "Conger Eel - Conger conger". Marlin.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
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