European Union Customs Union

European Union Customs Union
EU member states (including participating member state territories which are not part of the EU)   Non-EU states which participate in the customs union, or are in bilateral customs unions with the EU
Policy of	European Union
Type	Customs union
Membership	37 member states  Austria  Belarus  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Monaco  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Turkey United Kingdom 3 states with bilateral agreements Andorra San Marino
Establishment	1958
Area
• Total	5,200,000 km2 (2,000,000 sq mi)
Population
• 2014 estimate	585,000,000
GDP (PPP)	2014 estimate
• Total	$19.6 trillion
GDP (nominal)	2014 estimate
• Total	$19.2 trillion

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The European Union Customs Union (EUCU) is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU), Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Iceland Monaco Turkey and some territories of the United Kingdom which are not part of the EU (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bailiwick of Guernsey, Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man).^[1] Some territories within the EU do not participate in the customs union, usually as a result of their geographic circumstances. Besides the EUCU, the EU, through separate agreements, is in customs unions with Andorra, and San Marino, with the exceptions of certain goods.^[2]

The customs union is a principal component of the European Economic Community, established in 1958, and now succeeded by the European Union. No customs duties are levied on goods travelling within the customs union and—unlike a free trade area—members of the customs union impose a common external tariff on all goods entering the union.

A precondition of the customs union is that the European Commission negotiates for and on behalf of the Union as a whole in international trade deals such as the World Trade Organisation, rather than each member state negotiating individually.

Non-EU participants

Monaco and the British territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are integral parts of the EU's customs territory.^[2]

State / territory	Agreement	Entry into force	Notes
Monaco	Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention[3][4]	1963
United Kingdom in respect of  Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded Protocol No 3 on the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus[5]	1 May 2004
United Kingdom in respect of  Guernsey  Isle of Man  Jersey	Documents concerning the accession to the European Communities of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland, the Kingdom of Norway and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Protocol No 3 on the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man[6]	1 January 1973

Bilateral customs unions

Andorra, San Marino and Turkey, a candidate for EU membership, are each in a customs union with the EU.^[2]

State	Agreement	Entry into force	Notes
Andorra	Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra – Joint Declarations[7]	1 January 1991	Excludes agricultural products
San Marino	Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino[8]	1991
Turkey	Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union[9]	31 December 1995	Excludes agricultural products

EU territories with an opt-out

While all EU member states are part of the customs union, not all of their respective territories participate. Territories of member states which have remained outside of the EU (overseas countries and territories of the European Union) generally do not participate in the customs union.

However, there are seven territories that are within the EU which do not participate in the customs union:

• Büsingen am Hochrhein (a German exclave within Switzerland, part of the Switzerland–Liechtenstein customs area)^[10]
• Campione d'Italia and the adjacent Italian waters of Lake Lugano (an Italian exclave within Switzerland, part of the Switzerland–Liechtenstein customs area)^[10]
• Livigno^[10]
• Ceuta^[10]
• Melilla^[10]
• Gibraltar^[11]
• Heligoland^[10]

Union Customs Code

The Union Customs Code (UCC), intended to modernise customs procedures, entered into force on 1 May 2016.^[12] Implementation will take place over a period of time and full implementation is anticipated by 31 December 2020 at the latest.^[13] The European Commission has stated that the aims of the UCC are simplicity, service and speed.

See also

• European Customs Information Portal
• European integration
• European Single Market
• European Free Trade Association
• European Economic Area (EU and EFTA)
• European Union–Turkey Customs Union
• Free trade areas in Europe
• Trade bloc

Notes

Foreign relations of the European Union
Bilateral relations See also: Economic relationships with third countries Africa & the Middle East Bahrain Cape Verde Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Lebanon Morocco Palestine† South Africa Syria Yemen Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Cuba Greenland Mexico United States Asia-Pacific Australia Bangladesh China (People's Republic of) India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Nepal New Zealand North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Iceland Kosovo† Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of)† Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Vatican City General Members’ overseas territories Largest trading partners Association Agreements Free trade agreements †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
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