European Union roaming regulations

Regulation 2016/2286
European Union regulation
Title Regulation (EU) 2016/2286 of 15 December 2016 laying down detailed rules on the application of fair use policy and on the methodology for assessing the sustainability of the abolition of retail roaming surcharges and on the application to be submitted by a roaming provider for the purposes of that assessment[1]
Made by European Parliament & Council
Journal reference
Other legislation
Replaces Regulation 717/2007
Amends Regulation (EEC) No 717/2007
Regulation (EEC) No 531/2012[2]
Regulation (EEC) No 2015/2120
Current legislation

European Union roaming regulations (sometimes called the Eurotariff) regulate the imposition of roaming charges within the European Economic Area (EEA), which consists of the member states of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. They regulate both the charges mobile network operator can impose on its subscribers for using telephone and data services outside of the network's member state, and the wholesale rates networks can charge each other to allow their subscribers access to each other's networks.

Since 2007, the roaming regulations have steadily lowered the maximum roaming charges allowable. In December 2016, the representatives of the Member States voted to abolish all roaming charges by June 2017.[3] Regulation (EU) 2017/920 eventually led to the abolition of all roaming charges for temporary roaming within the EEA as of 15 June 2017.

History

Background

The European Commission has often raised the issue of high roaming charges within the European Union. In October 2005, the European Commission launched a consumer website on roaming tariffs in order to highlight the issue, which included €12 for a 4-minute call.

In 2006, when high roaming charge rates persisted the Commission proposed to intervene in the market by setting maximum rates at which mobile network operators could charge their subscribers. The proposed regulation was approved by the European Parliament and by the Council of Ministers, and came into law in June 2007. It required capping of retail and wholesale voice roaming charges from 30 August 2007, unless a special roaming tariff applied. The maximum prices was set to decrease further in 2008 and 2009. The regulation also required that customers traveling to another member state would receive a text message of the charges that apply for roaming services.[4] Originally the capping measures were introduced on a temporary basis and were due to expire on 30 June 2010.[5]

The law was amended in 2009 based on a review carried out under the 2007 regulation. The expiry date of the 2007 regulation was extended to 30 June 2012 and was extended to text messages and data roaming. It also provided for further annual reductions in the price capping until the expiry of the regulation and for compulsory per-second billing after 30 seconds for calls made, and per-second billing throughout for calls received.

Having still found that market conditions did not justify lifting the capping of roaming within the EEA, the EU replaced the law in 2012. Under the 2012 regulation retail roaming capping charges are due to expire in 2017[6] and wholesale capping charges are due to expire in 2022.[7]

Roam like at home (RLAH)

In 2013 the Commission proposed to establish a single market for electronic communications within the Union and to abolish roaming charges.[8] The proposal was approved by the European Parliament on 3 April 2014, by a margin of 534 votes to 25. As drafted it would have ended roaming charges from 15 December 2015.[9] The Council of the European Union has to approve legislation before it can take effect,[10] and ended up rejecting the specifics of the proposed legislation.

Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 which was adopted on 25 November 2015 provides for the phased reduction of roaming charges within the European Union. As a transitional measure, from May 2016 the current price capping for roaming within the EEA will be replaced by a maximum surcharge for roaming services which may be charged in addition to domestic charges.[11] This however will not increase the cost of roaming for customers whose domestic rates plus the surcharge are higher than the price caps.[12] It will reduce the charges for consumers with lower domestic prices or who pay for monthly allowances for using a particular service.

The Regulation also required the Commission to submit a report to the European Parliament by June 2016 along with proposed legislative for regulation of the wholesale roaming market within the EU with a view to eliminating the transitional roaming surcharges by June 2017.[13] Following the proposal made by the Commission, the European Parliament and Member States reached an agreement on 31 January 2017 to set the subsequent wholesale roaming caps:[14]

On 8 February 2017 member states' ambassadors endorsed the deal on wholesale caps that put an end to retail mobile roaming charges in the EU on 15 June 2017.[15]

Fair use policy

To prevent misuse (i.e. cheaper tariffs available in the eastern members to be used constantly in the western members where tariffs are higher) a fair-use policy was mandated which would allow EEA citizens to use their phones while roaming without extra charges for business and leisure, but would still limit the use to prevent misuse and extra costs to mobile operators.

5 September 2016 proposal (retracted)

The initial proposal for a fair use policy was published on 5 September 2016. It would have limited the amount of free roaming to 90 days in a calendar year and a maximum of 30 consecutive days, after which regulated roaming charges (now in force) would apply. Registering in your home network on a given day would not count that day towards the limit. The proposal also stated that "the customer should nevertheless be able to consume volumes of such services equivalent to at least the average volume consumed domestically by the customers of the tariff plan in question", preventing operators from setting low call/data limits.

However, the proposal was hastily withdrawn just a couple of days after being published. Only a note on the Commission's web site remained: "An initial draft was published on 5.9.2016. The Commission services have, on the instruction of President Juncker, withdrawn the draft and are working on a new version"[16]).

The proposal was also slammed by the telco lobbyists (GSMA & ETNO) claiming it would have been "..too complex to implement and unclear for consumers." They were inclined to set the cap lower, believing a "30 consecutive days granted to each consumer within the proposal would have already covered 100% of the needs of the vast majority of European citizens." Also, legal concerns were cited stating that "In Denmark, for example, the maximum length of a contract is six months, so customers would have been able to ‘reset’ their roaming allowance twice a year."

Finally, it was suggested to come up with a new proposal that would be “easy to execute, and effectively prevent arbitrage and distortions on domestic markets” and warning by qoting the Commission that “Otherwise, network quality and investments in new capacity in some Member States could be affected.”[17]

21 September 2016 Press release

A press release issued on 21 September (IP/16/3111[18]) reaffirmed the end of roaming charges in the EU by 2017 stating that "there should be no limits in terms of timing or volume imposed on consumers when using their mobile devices abroad in the EU." The new mechanism, although not defined in detail, "will be based on principle of residence or stable links European consumers may have with any EU Member State." (note the "any" - meaning multiple countries). A stable link is defined as: "work commuters, expats who are frequently present in their home country or Erasmus students." The final proposal was set to be published by 15 December 2016 following feedback from BEREC, Member States and all interested parties.

Consequences

As mobile operators still have to pay for wholesale charges when subscribers are roaming on other EEA networks, some operators have increased their subscription prices. In Norway, prices increased by 66% when RLAH was introduced.[19] The same argument is being used by Danish operators. In Denmark several operators increased monthly subscription prices with 10-20 DKK.[20]

In Sweden, the operator Comviq removed roaming capabilities on its package “Fastpris mini” 15 June 2017.[21] The operator Hallon is doing the same to its smallest package “LITEN” starting 1 October 2017.[22] In Denmark, operator Telmore has introduced "TELMORE Home" without roaming capabilities, even when traveling to countries outside the EEA.[23]

Mobile operators in the EEA are also using "loopholes" in the Regulation to retain roaming charges. Operators can continue to impose surcharges if they can substantiate to the national regulators that they are unable to recover their “actual or projected costs” of providing roaming services. [24]

Agcom, the Italian communications regulator has told Italian operators Vodafone, Telecom Italia and Lycamobile they must comply with all aspects of the roaming regulations, as they believed some features were not being universally applied.[25] In Sweden, Swedish Post and Telecom Authority has started investigating if Comviq is in compliance with the roaming regulations. For prepaid cards, Comviq requires customers to topping up an "EU package", costing approximately twice as much as a domestic. [26] O2 UK has admitted they temporarily throttled roaming speeds across Europe, following the abolishment of roaming charges.[27]

Since Roam like at home was introduced, Telenor Norway, have experienced a 150-200 percent increase in data usage, compared to the same period in 2016. The operator introduced free roaming in the EEA for most of its subscription plans in 2016, and from February 2016 till February 2017, data usage when roaming in the EEA increased by 900 percent. [28] Telenor Sweden reports of a 1500 percent increase in data usage when roaming in the EEA. [29]

Non-roaming charges for international calls/texts

The European Union roaming regulations only regulate prices while the user is roaming. Prices of calls (and text messages) when calling from your home country to another EEA country are still unregulated, and can be vastly higher than the marginal cost to the telecommunication provider. For example, it costs €0.67/minute to call from Denmark to Belgium via Oister in 2016, and the same per text message.[30] Similarly, it costs £1.50 to call an EEA number from the UK while on the Vodafone UK network, vs. £0.05 for calling a number in the UK while roaming in France (2016).[31]

The European commission proposed in 2013 to regulate intra-EEA international calls, but it was rejected by the European Parliament and Council.[32]

Territorial extent

European Union roaming regulations apply to the 31 members of the European Economic Area; the 28 members of the EU and their outermost regions plus three EFTA member states Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The EU countries have applied the roaming regulation since 30 August 2007 while the remaining EEA countries have applied it since 1 January 2008. The three EEA EFTA countries adopt most EU legislation concerning the single market (with notable exclusions including laws regarding agriculture and fisheries).[33]

On 7 June 2017, Boris Iarochevitch, Head of Division of the Eastern Partnership, Regional Cooperation and OSCE – European External Action Service, told Georgia’s Public Broadcaster that the EU plans to abolish roaming fees for the six members of the Eastern Partnership; Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, and Belarus by 2020.[34]

Areas not covered

The last member state of EFTA, Switzerland, is not party to the EEA agreement, and is instead linked to the EU by a series of bilateral agreements. Despite close relations with the EU in several fields, the regulations do not apply to Switzerland, and charges are usually considerably higher for EEA residents roaming in Switzerland, and for Swiss residents in the EEA, especially on internet data. Switzerland will not be part of the 2017 free rate agreements.[35] Rates vary, sometimes EU rate at €0.05 and sometimes up to €10/MB.[36] Some companies do offer EU rate roaming to Switzerland as well.[37]

The regulations also do not apply to areas which are connected to member states but are outside the EU. Two examples with high rates for visitors are Jersey and Greenland. Despite this, a few UK networks charge for roaming in Switzerland, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man at the same rates as roaming in the and EEA. 

On 29 March 2017, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Theresa May's administration invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union in a letter to the President of the European Council, Donald Tusk, after a majority of British citizens voted to leave the European Union in 2016. The United Kingdom is set to leave the EU by March 2019,[38] and it will be up to a future UK government to decide whether to have the EU price restrictions on roaming or not after the UK leaves the EU. As the regulations are contained within a European regulation and not a directive, they have not been incorporated into UK law.[39]

Prices

Common limits

All roaming charges for temporary roaming were abolished on 15 June 2017 (fair-use rules apply). The tariffs covering the period from 30 April 2016 are maximum surcharges to the price paid in the home network.[40]

In force from 30 Aug 2007[a 1] 30 Aug 2008 1 Jul 2009 1 Jul 2010 1 Jul 2011 1 Jul 2012 1 Jul 2013 1 Jul 2014 30 Apr 2016 15 Jun 2017 1 Jan 2018 1 Jan 2019 1 Jan 2020 1 Jan 2021 1 Jan 2022
In force until 29 Aug 2008 30 Jun 2009 30 Jun 2010 30 Jun 2011 30 Jun 2012 30 Jun 2013 30 Jun 2014 29 Apr 2016 14 Jun 2017 31 Dec 2017 31 Dec 2018 31 Dec 2019 31 Dec 2020 31 Dec 2021 —
Service Unit Roaming limits in EEA countries
(all the prices are in euro without VAT)[41][42][43][44][45]
Retail caps (apply to subscribers)
Outgoing calls to any EEA number price of 1 minute 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.19 home network local rate + 0.05 home network local rate

(+ 0.032 when not covered by RLAH)

billing interval Not regulated per second starting from 31st second home network local billing interval
Incoming calls from any number price of 1 minute 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.0114 Free (home network local rate)

(+ 0.0108 when not covered by RLAH)

billing interval Not regulated per second starting from 1st second home network local billing interval
Incoming calls redirected to voice mail[a 2] price of 1 minute 0.73 0.68 0.62 Free
Outgoing text message to any EEA number price of 1 message Not regulated 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.06 home network local rate + 0.02 home network local rate

(+ 0.01 when not covered by RLAH)

Incoming text message from any number price of 1 message Not regulated Free
Data transfer price of 1 megabyte Not regulated 0.70 0.45 0.20 home network rate + 0.05 home network rate, but no more than wholesale price cap for usage over included services and for prepaid packages
billing interval Not regulated per 1 kilobyte starting from 1st kilobyte home network billing interval
monthly default cut-off limit Not regulated 50.00
Right to choose an alternative roaming provider (ARP)[a 3][46] Not regulated Yes Not regulated
Default notification text message with roaming prices and information Not regulated Yes
Free number to call for detailed roaming and information information Not regulated Yes
Free '112' access in roaming Not regulated Yes
Wholesale caps (Operator to Operator)
Outgoing calls to any EEA number price of 1 minute 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.05 0.032 to be reviewed
billing interval Not regulated per second starting from 31st second
Inbound calls same as termination of a non-roaming call on the visited network, see Termination rates.[a 4] 0.0108 to be reviewed
Outgoing text message to any EEA number price of 1 message Not regulated 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 to be reviewed
Incoming text message from any number Not regulated Free
Data transfer price of 1 gigabyte Not regulated 1024.00 819.20 512.00 256.00 153.60 51.20 7.70 6.00 4.50 3.50 3.00 2.50
billing interval Not regulated per 1 kilobyte starting from 1st kilobyte
Right to use other operators' networks in other Member States at regulated wholesale prices[46] Not regulated Yes
Legend Past
Active
Future
  1. ↑ For Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway listed conditions came in force from 1 January 2008.
  2. ↑ When incoming calls are redirected to voice mail, operators can charge for message recording as much as a sum of their tariffs for incoming calls and outgoing calls back to home country. Beginning on 1 July 2010 operators cannot charge their roaming customers for the receipt by them of a roaming voice mail message. Listening to such messages could still be charged as an outgoing call in the future.
  3. ↑ Customer would have the option to sign for roaming contract, separate from national mobile services, while keeping the same phone number and SIM card.
  4. ↑ The visited network charges the same rate as it would charge for termination of a non-roaming call. This practice was already required by national regulators before the EU roaming regulations were implemented, so it is outside of the scope of this regulation.[47]

Local price limits

For services paid for in currencies other than the euro, the amount in euro is converted to the other currency using the reference rates published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJoEU). After the adoption of EU regulation 531/2012[43] the retail exchange rate to be used for the relevant year should be calculated by taking the average of the reference exchange rates published in the OJoEU on 1 March, 1 April and 1 May of that year, with the new exchange rate coming into force on 1 July of that year. The wholesale exchange rate however is taken from only the rate published on 1 May of that year.

From 1 July 2017 the maximum surcharges on retail prices (when not covered by Roam like at home) are as follows in local currencies:

Country Currency VAT Outgoing calls to any EEA number Inbound calls Outgoing text message to any EEA number Data transfer (/GB)
 Austria EUR 20% 0.0384 0.0129 0.012 9.24
 Bulgaria BGN 20% 0.0751 0.0253 0.2347 18.0716
 Belgium EUR 21% 0.0387 0.0130 0.0121 9.317
 Croatia HRK 25% 7.4365      0.1005 0.0930 71.6742
 Cyprus EUR 19% 0.0380 0.0128 0.011 9163
 Czech Republic CZK 21% 1.0447 0.3525 0.3264 251.385
 Denmark DKK 25% 0.2974 0.1003 0.0929 71.5718
 Estonia EUR 20% 0.0384 0.0129 0.012 9.317
 Finland EUR 24% 0.0396 0.01233 0.0124 9.548
 France EUR 20% 0.0384 0.0129 0.012 9.24
 Germany EUR 19% 0.0380 0.0128 0.011 9.163
 Greece EUR 24% 0.0396 0.01233 0.0124 9.548
 Hungary HUF 27% 12.5723 4.2431 3.9288 3025.2
 Iceland ISK[Note 1] 24% N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Ireland EUR 23% 0.0393 0.0132 0.0123 9.471
 Italy EUR 22% 0.0390 0.0131 0.0122 9.394
 Latvia EUR 21% 0,0387 0,0130 0,0121 9,317
 Liechtenstein CHF 8% 0.0370 0.0125 0.0115 8.9247
 Lithuania EUR 21% 0.0387 0.0130 0.0121 9.317
 Luxembourg EUR 17% 0.0374 0.0126 0.011 9.009
 Malta EUR 18% 0.0377 0.0127 0.0118 9.009
 Netherlands EUR 21% 0.0387 0.0130 0.0121 9.317
 Norway NOK 25% 0.3655 0.1233 0.1142 87.9584
 Poland PLN 23% 0.1672 0.0546 0.0522 40.2521
 Portugal EUR 23% 0.0393 0.0132 0.0123 9.471
 Romania RON 19% 0.1729 0.0583 0.0540 41.6067
 Slovakia EUR 20% 0.0384 0.0129 0.012 9.24
 Slovenia EUR 22% 0.0390 0.0131 0.0122 9.394
 Spain EUR 21% 0.0387 0.0130 0.0121 9.317
 Sweden SEK 25% 0.3830 0.1292 0.1197 92.1712
 United Kingdom GBP 20% 0.0326 0.0110 0.0102 8.8656

Exchange rates

Country Currency 1 March 2017[48] 1 April 2017[49] 3 May 2017[50][b 1] Average
 Bulgaria BGN 1.9558      1.9558 1.9558     1.9558
 Croatia HRK 7.4365      7.4465 7.4570     7.4466
 Czech Republic CZK 27.021      27.030 26.893 26.9812
 Denmark DKK 7.4332      7.4379     7.4370 7.4360
 Hungary HUF 308.25      307.62 312.20 309.356
 Iceland ISK[Note 1] N/A N/A N/A N/A
 Liechtenstein CHF 1.0648 1.0696 1.0852 1.0732
 Norway NOK 8.8693      9.1683 9.3780 9.1385
 Poland PLN 4.3148      4.2265 4.2088 4.2500
 United Kingdom GBP 0.85305      0.85553     0.84520 0.8512
 Romania RON 4.5202      4.5525 4.5495 4.5407
 Sweden SEK 9.5675      9.5322     9.6290 9.5762
  1. ↑ No reference rates published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJoEU) on the 1 May 2017.

Method of calculating

As the VAT rates and currencies vary across the EEA, the European Commission publishes price caps in euro and excluding VAT. So the final prices for each country can be calculated by adding the corresponding VAT rate and converting to the currency of the country (if non-euro).

For countries using the euro For countries using currency other than euro
where
is European Commission maximum allowed tariff without VAT in euro
is Value Added Tax rate for specified country, given in per cent
is Exchange rate for specified country published by ECB

In order to avoid double taxation, non-taxation or the distortion of competition, an EU member state may, in accordance with Article 9(3)(a) of Council Directive 77/388 ("the Sixth VAT Directive"), include within the scope of its national VAT any telecommunications services used within its territory but billed outside the EU VAT area. When opting to do so, it must also exempt from its national VAT any roaming services supplied by home networks within its territory but used outside the EU VAT area. The inclusion of telecommunications within the scope of Article 9 was requested by the United Kingdom,[51] which subsequently enacted the change under Article 19 of the Value Added Tax (Place of Supply of Services) Order 1992. Consequently, when an EU member state makes this VAT exemption, roaming on networks in the Åland Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, the Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and French overseas departments is subject to the price caps with no VAT applied, because these countries and territories are within the EEA but outside the EU VAT area.

Rounding

The charge limits for the Eurotariff and the wholesale average charge should be calculated to the maximum number of decimal places permitted by the official exchange rate. This sets the maximum that can be charged in the national currency. Providers may wish in practice to quote charges in whole numbers of currency units, especially at the retail level, although this in practice is not compulsory. In this case, the numbers should be rounded down. Rounding up of these numbers to above the level of the relevant cap is not permitted under any circumstances.[52][53]

Notes

  1. 1 2 In October 2008, the financial crisis of 2007–2008 brought about a collapse of the Icelandic banking sector. The value of the Icelandic króna dropped, and on 7 October 2008 the Icelandic Central Bank attempted to peg it at 131 against the euro. This peg was abandoned the next day. The króna later dropped again and to 340 against the euro before trade in the currency was suspended (by comparison, the rate at the start of 2008 was about 90 krónur to the euro). After a period of tentative, very low-volume international trading in the króna, activity had been expected to pick up again throughout November 2008, albeit still with low liquidity, as Iceland secured an International Monetary Fund loan. However, as of January 2009 the króna was still not being traded regularly, with the ECB reference rate being set only intermittently, the last time on 3 December 2008 at 290 króna per euro.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "EUR-Lex - 32016R2286 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ "Roaming". Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  4. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 717/2007.
  5. ↑ Regulation (EC) No 717/2007, Article 13.
  6. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 531/2012, Articles 8(2), 10(2) and 13(3).
  7. ↑ Regulation (EU) No 531/2012, Articles 7, 9, 12.
  8. ↑ Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL laying down measures concerning the European single market for electronic communications and to achieve a Connected Continent, and amending Directives 2002/20/EC, 2002/21/EC and 2002/22/EC and Regulations (EC) No 1211/2009 and (EU) No 531/2012 (COM/2013/0627 final - 2013/0309 (COD))
  9. ↑ Staff (2014-04-03). "MEPs vote to scrap mobile roaming fees in Europe". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04.
  10. ↑ Finley, Klint (2014-03-04). "European Parliament Votes to Protect Net Neutrality, Kill Roaming Fees". Wired. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04.
  11. ↑ Article 6f of Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 as inserted by Article 7(5) of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120.
  12. ↑ Article 6e of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks within the Union ()
  13. ↑ Article 19(2) of Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 as amended by Article 7(5) of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120.
  14. ↑ "European Commission - Fact Sheet".
  15. ↑ "Last step to end roaming fees: Council approves wholesale deal - Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  16. ↑ "Roaming". Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  17. ↑ https://etno.eu/datas/positions-papers/2016/Expert_Contribution/GSMA_ETNO_letter_on_FUP_September_2016.pdf
  18. ↑ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - End of roaming charges in the EU in 2017: Commission agrees on new approach to make it work for all Europeans". europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  19. ↑ "Se hvor mye dyrere mobildata har blitt". DinSide.no (in Norwegian). 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  20. ↑ "OVERBLIK Efter nye EU-regler: Mobilselskaber hæver prisen". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  21. ↑ "Surfa fritt i EU med de flesta av våra abonnemang | Comviq.se". www.comviq.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  22. ↑ "Roaming inom EU/EES". Kundservice (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  23. ↑ "TELMORE Home - Gælder kun i Danmark". Telmore (in Danish). Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  24. ↑ "Is the EU Roaming-free dream crumbling?". New Europe. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  25. ↑ "Regulator warns Italian operators on EU roaming - Mobile World Live". Mobile World Live. 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  26. ↑ "Comviq tar dubbelt betalt för ”gratis EU-roaming”". Surfa (in Swedish). 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  27. ↑ "O2 throttles network after high EU roaming demand - Mobile World Live". Mobile World Live. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  28. ↑ "Surfeeksplosjon i sommer etter nye roamingregler". E24 (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  29. ↑ "Roaming-explosion inom EU – 1 500 procent ökning". Surfa (in Swedish). 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  30. ↑ https://www.oister.dk/globalassets/priser/priser-mobiltelefoni/priser_fra_danmark_til_udlandet_oister_2016-08-22.pdf
  31. ↑ https://www.vodafone.co.uk/explore/costs/calling-abroad-from-the-uk/index.htm
  32. ↑ https://www.thuejk.dk/eu_non_roaming.pdf
  33. ↑ "The Basic Features of the EEA Agreement | European Free Trade Association". Efta.int. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
  34. ↑ Staff, About the Source Euromaidan Press (2017-06-15). "EU could abolish roaming fees for Ukraine by 2020 - EU official -". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  35. ↑ "Switzerland will not be part of EU roaming agreements". 14 February 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  36. ↑ Díjszabások ország szerint (In Hungarian. Switzerland=Svájc) 255 Ft/0,1 MB=€8.20/MB
  37. ↑ Vodafone Netherlands roaming offers
  38. ↑ "Article 50: Theresa May to trigger Brexit process". BBC News. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  39. ↑ "EU mobile roaming charges scrapped". BBC News. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  40. ↑ "Roaming charges and open Internet: questions and answers". European Commission. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
  41. ↑ "Regulation (EC) 717/2007".
  42. ↑ "Regulation (EC) 544/2009".
  43. 1 2 "Regulation (EU) 531/2012".
  44. ↑ "End of roaming charges: informal deal on wholesale market reform - Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
  45. ↑ "EUR-Lex - 32016R2292 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
  46. 1 2 "Digital Agenda: Commission proposes more competition, more choice and lower prices for mobile phone users abroad - frequently asked questions" (PDF). Memos. European Union. 2011-07-06. MEMO/11/485. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-11.
  47. ↑ "OECD" (PDF). p. 28.
  48. ↑ "2017/C65/03". Official Journal of the European Union.
  49. ↑ "2017/C103/03". Official Journal of the European Union.
  50. ↑ "2017/C138/03". Official Journal of the European Union.
  51. ↑ "EU Official Journal No. L86, 28.3.97, p. 33".
  52. ↑ "International Roaming Regulation - ERG Guidelines Final Release" (PDF). BEREC/ERG. 2008-01-15. ERG(07)86rev2 081215. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-04-01.
  53. ↑ "International Roaming Regulation - ERG Guidelines 2nd Release" (PDF). BEREC/ERG. 2007-08-22. ERG(07)46. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013.

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